Table of Content

20 February 2026, Volume 7 Issue 1

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Guideline·Standard·Consensus

Expert consensus on TCM syndrome differentiation, treatment principles, formulas, and herbs for latent tuberculosis infection

Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Chinese Antituberculosis Association , Editorial Board of the Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  1-8.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20262001

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The preventive treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a key link in the strategy to end the epidemic of tuberculosis. However, the preventive treatment of tuberculosis in modern medicine has many challenges, such as many adverse reactions and poor patient compliance. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine has shown unique advantages in the preventive intervention of LTBI based on the concept of preventing diseases before they occur and the theory of suppressing pathogenic diseases, which is crucial for achieving precise diagnosis and treatment of LTBI. In order to clarify the TCM syndrome differentiation and classification of LTBI and the corresponding treatment and prescription, Institute of Clinical Basic Medicine of Chinese Medicine of the Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Antituberculosis Association, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Antituberculosis jointly organized domestic experts in various fields of tuberculosis, including experts in TCM theory, TCM clinic, epidemiology, and basic research, and wrote the Expert consensus on TCM syndrome differentiation, treatment principles, formulas, and herbs for latent tuberculosis infection (hereinafter referred to as the “Consensus”). This consensus system elaborates on the core elements of traditional Chinese medicine etiology and pathogenesis, syndrome differentiation and typing of LTBI, as well as the key points of syndrome differentiation for special populations. At the same time, the categories and key characteristics of TCM syndrome differentiation were clarified, and corresponding treatment methods and prescriptions were recommended for each syndrome type, aiming to provide reference for the precise diagnosis and treatment of LTBI.

Expert consensus on the application of host biomarkers for tuberculosis

Jiangxi Chest Hospital/Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis , Guangzhou National Laboratory , Chinese Antituberculosis Association

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  9-20.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20262002

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Tuberculosis is a major infectious disease that seriously threatens human health. Although global progress has been made in its prevention and control, its morbidity and mortality rates remain high. The situation for tuberculosis control in China is particularly severe, posing a significant public health challenge. In the clinical management of tuberculosis, unresolved difficulties persist, including the risk assessment of progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the early detection of active tuberculosis (ATB), and the monitoring of anti-tuberculosis therapy. As objective indicators reflecting the host’s pathological and immunological responses, biomarkers are crucial for optimizing diagnosis and guiding individualized therapy. To this end, the Chinese Antituberculosis Association, Guangzhou National Laboratory, and Jiangxi Chest Hospital jointly organized domestic experts in relevant fields, combined with the latest progress at home and abroad and China’s national conditions, to develop the Expert consensus on the application of host biomarkers for tuberculosis. This consensus focuses on host-derived biomarkers, systematically reviewing the current applications and evidence for those based on cell-mediated immune responses, host gene expression profiles, and cytokines in the management of tuberculosis. Furthermore, it addresses key clinical questions—including the diagnosis and progression risk assessment of LTBI, early and differential diagnosis of ATB, identification of drug-resistant tuberculosis, dynamic monitoring of treatment response, and prediction of relapse risk. Based on the principles of evidence-based medicine, the consensus puts forward specific recommendations and practical suggestions. It aims to provide guidance for clinicians, laboratory professionals, and public health practitioners in China on the scientific selection, standardized application, and accurate interpretation of tuberculosis biomarkers, with the goal of improving the level of tuberculosis prevention and control.

Original Articles

Acceptance of preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis infection and its influencing factors:a Meta-analysis

Yang Yulan, Wan Bin, Zhao Xia, Shen Jing, Yao Rong, Yu Qiaolin, He Ting

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  21-29.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250091

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Objective: To systematically evaluate the acceptance rate of preventive treatment and its influencing factors among individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in China, and to provide evidence for public health departments to implement targeted LTBI interventions. Methods: Chinese and English databases (including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) were searched for studies published up to February 19, 2025, related to preventive treatment for LTBI in China. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, and assessed study quality. Stata 14.0 was used for Meta-analysis to calculate the pooled acceptance rate and analyze influencing factors. Results: A total of 16 studies were included, involving 8806 participants. The pooled acceptance rate of preventive treatment among LTBI individuals in China was 66.2% (95%CI: 56.9%-74.9%). Subgroup analysis showed higher acceptance rates in western regions (70.0%) and in studies published before 2020 (68.7%). Demographic analysis revealed higher acceptance among females (68.4%), individuals aged 18-45 years (80.1%), and those with education levels of junior high school or below (77.7%). Acceptance was highest among close contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients (79.5%), followed by other high-risk populations (71.9%), and lowest among students identified with LTBI through school screening (51.4%). Multivariable analysis identified the following protective factors: females (OR=1.05, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16), being a student (OR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.04-1.52) or manual laborers (OR=1.65, 95%CI: 1.39-1.93), having good knowledge of the disease (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.07-1.29), and a history of BCG vaccination (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.01-2.08). Risk factors included being boarding students (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.35-0.88) and longer treatment regimens (OR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.04-0.71). Conclusion: The acceptance rate of preventive treatment among individuals with LTBI in China remains suboptimal. Strengthening health education, addressing stigma, improving disease awareness, and promoting shorter treatment regimens may help enhance treatment uptake in key populations.

The application value of specialized disease prevention and control network in patients with tuberculous constrictive pericarditis

Xie Xuping, Yu Limei, Li Fuping, Sun Nannan, Zeng Xiaogang, Jiang Qilong, Hu Wenping, Tang Wenshuai

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  30-36.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250150

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Objective: To explore the value of a specialized disease prevention and control network based on a regional compact medical consortium in the whole-process management of patients with tuberculous constrictive pericarditis (TCP). Methods: Based on the patient’s visit time, medical records of TCP patients aged ≥18 years with a history of tuberculosis who were hospitalized from June 2022 to June 2025 were collected from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Fangda Hospital) and Chongqing Public Health Medical Treatment Center. The effectiveness of the network was comprehensively evaluated by comparing the following indicators including diagnosis and treatment process efficiency, therapeutic approaches, multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) participation rate, discharge patterns, clinical outcomes, annual readmission rates, direct medical costs, hospitalization stay duration, and patient experience between the pre-implementation period (June 2022 to December 2023; pre-implementation group) and the post-implementation period (January 2024 to June 2025; post-implementation group). The specialized disease prevention and control network was a compact medical consortium with a ‘1+1+N’ structure. A Grade Ⅲ-A general hospital served as the network’s top-tier facility, a public health medical treatment center as the hub, and N primary hospitals and community health service centers. Results: Compared with the pre-implementation group, the post-implementation group showed the significant improvements: the initial identification rate of suspected TCP patients increased from 20.6% (14/68) to 75.7% (53/70), upward referral rate from 36.8% (25/68) to 75.7% (53/70), diagnostic rate from 68.0% (17/25) to 96.2% (51/53), and the average time for referral to hub hospitals shortened from (14.2±4.8) days to (5.4±2.7) days (χ²=41.212, P<0.001; χ²=19.738, P<0.001; χ²=12.217, P<0.001; t=11.539, P<0.001). The MDT participation rate increased from 0 (0/68) to 100.0% (70/70), physician-ordered discharge rate from 75.0% (51/68) to 94.3% (66/70), positive clinical outcome rate from 79.4% (54/68) to 94.3% (66/70), and the annual readmission rate decreased from 44.6% (29/65) to 14.7% (10/68)(χ²=138.000, P<0.001; χ²=9.640, P=0.003; χ²=8.670, P=0.006; χ²=15.830, P<0.001). Direct medical cost decreased from 51538.0 (10100.0, 62277.0) yuan to 50121.5 (19384.0, 77212.0) yuan, hospitalization duration increased from 17.5 (14.0, 33.0) days to 22.0 (12.0, 32.0) days, and patient experience score increased from 11.0 (8.0, 12.0) to 12.0 (12.0, 12.0)(Z=-2.450, P=0.014; Z=-2.130, P=0.033; Z=1436.500, P<0.001). Conclusion: The “1+1+N” architecture of TCP prevention and treatment network significantly improved the early identification, diagnosis and treatment efficiency, and patient outcomes of TCP by defining the functions of three-tier institutions, optimizing two-way referral process, and strengthening MDT collaboration. Its model of “hierarchical collaboration, resource integration, and closed-loop management” provides a practical paradigm for building prevention and treatment system for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Analysis of the utilization and influencing factors of the intelligent management tool for pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ordos

Bai Jun, Hao Ruixia, Huang Yan, Li Bing, Qi Dan, Wang Dong, Liu Min

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  37-42.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250154

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Objective: To analyze the utilization and influencing factors of the Easy Supervision Intelligent Management System (abbreviated as “Easy Supervision System”) following its comprehensive implementation in Ordos City. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted, data of 1034 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis registered in Ordos City from 2023 to 2024, along with their records of using the Easy Supervision System were extracted from the “Tuberculosis Information Management System” —a subsystem of the “China Disease Prevention and Control Information System” —based on inclusion criteria. A logistic regression model was applied to analyze the utilization of the Easy Supervision System and its influencing factors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Results: From 2023 to 2024, among the 1034 registered pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ordos City, 926 patients used Easy Supervision System for tuberculosis treatment management, yielding a utilization rate of 89.56%. The utilization rates in 2024 for the city overall (95.08% (502/528)), Dongsheng District (99.25% (133/134)), and Dalad Banner (100.00% (123/123)) were significantly higher than those in 2023 (83.79% (424/506), 68.60% (83/121), and 89.93% (125/139), respectively), with statistically significant differences (χ² values of 33.155, 46.134, and 13.088, respectively; all P<0.001). The corresponding increases in utilization rates were 13.47%, 44.68%, and 11.20%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients aged 60-79 years and ≥80 years were 4.288 (1.887-9.742) times and 4.214(1.548-11.470) times more likely to use the Easy Supervision System, respectively, compared to those aged <40 years. Patients from other ethnicities were 2.536 (1.363-4.718) times more likely to use the Easy Supervision System than Han patients. Patients identified through referral and follow-up were 2.317 (1.517-3.540) times more likely to use the Easy Supervision System compared to those who sought medical attention due to symptoms. Conclusion: Most pulmonary tuberculosis patients and primary healthcare doctors in various banners/districts of Ordos City show a preference for using the Easy Supervision System. Following further refinement and optimization, efforts should be strengthened to further promote the use of these tools among populations with lower utilization rates.

An analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of students with tuberculosis in Jinghai District, Tianjin, 2018—2023

Wang Yimin

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  43-48.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250156

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Objective: To inform school tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control strategy developing by analyzing the characteristics of student TB cases in Jinghai District, Tianjin. Methods: Data on student tuberculosis patients in Jinghai District, Tianjin from 2018 to 2023 was collected through the National Infectious Disease Reporting System of the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System, including name, gender, age, registration time, area of onset, school, and diagnosis, etc. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 136 active TB cases among students were notified from 2018 to 2023, with an average annual reported incidence of 16.61 per 100000 (136/818789), declined from 27.07 per 100000 (35/129304) in 2018 to 9.14 per 100000 (13/142188) in 2023. The differences in reported incidences across years were statistically significant ({\chi }_{trend}^2=23.830, P<0.05). Regarding temporal distribution, the highest numbers of cases were reported in April (26, 19.12%), September (16, 11.76%), and March (15, 11.03%). Geographically, Jinghai Town (34, 25.00%), Daqiuzhuang Town and Tuanbo Town (17, 12.50%), and Yangchengzhuang Township (13, 9.56%) reported the highest case numbers. In terms of population distribution, the reported incidence rates were 16.94 per 100000 (73/430944) for males and 16.24 per 100000 (63/387845) for females, no statistically significant difference was found between genders (χ²=0.060, P>0.05). Regarding educational stages, universities and higher vocational colleges (72, 52.94%) and high schools and secondary vocational schools (40, 29.41%) had the highest case numbers, the reported incidence rates were 1.78 per 100000 (6/337421) in primary schools, 10.51 per 100000 (18/171342) in junior high schools, 42.32 per 100000 (40/94507) in senior high schools and secondary vocational schools, and 33.41 per 100000 (72/215519) in universities and higher vocational schools, with statistically significant differences among incidences across educational stages (χ²=122.789, P<0.05). The numbers of etiologically positive and negative cases were 72 (52.94%) and 56 (41.18%), respectively, without statistically significant difference (χ²=23.869, P>0.05). Conclusion: April and September are the highest frequent period of reporting student TB cases. Jinghai Town, Daqiuzhuang Town, Tuanbo Town, and Yangchengzhuang Township are high-risk areas. High-risk educational stages are universities and higher vocational colleges and high schools and secondary vocational schools. The proportion of etiologically positive pulmonary TB cases is relatively high.

Analysis of drug resistance characteristics and influencing factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in suburban areas of Hangzhou, 2022—2024

Wu Yifei, Li Qingchun, Huang Yinyan, Jia Qingjun, Bai Xuexin, Cheng Qinglin

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  49-58.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250165

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Objective: The aim of this study is to understand characteristics and influencing factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in suburban counties of Hangzhou. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to collect clinical data (including age, gender, registration time, registered residence, treatment classification, mycobacterium sputum culture, species identification, and drug susceptibility test results (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin)) from 2456 clinically diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients from designated hospitals in all eight suburban counties of Hangzhou from 2022 to 2024. Single-factor and multivariable logistic regression model were used to analyze the drug resistance characteristics and influencing factors among different populations. Results: In the 2456 isolates of mycobacteria, 2165 (88.15%) of the strains were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and 291 (11.85%) were non-tuberculous mycobacterium; 2254 (91.78%) were initial treatment cases, and 202 (8.22%) were retreatment cases; 1910 (88.22%) were sensitive to all five anti-tuberculosis drugs, while 255 (11.78%) were resistant strains; the total drug resistance, first-line anti-tuberculosis drug resistance, single drug resistance, multiple drug resistance and pre-extensive drug resistance rates were 11.78% (255/2165), 8.36% (181/2165), 6.28% (136/2165), 1.94% (42/2165) and 0.42% (9/2165), respectively. The resistance rate against isoniazid was the highest (7.62%, 165/2165), followed by levofloxacin and moxifloxacin (all 4.02%, 87/2165), rifampicin (2.59%, 56/2165), and ethambutol (1.15%, 25/2165); The drug resistance rates of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, total and multidrug resistance rates have all significantly decreased compared to the rates of 2017—2019 (10.53% (306/2907), 4.02% (117/2907), 2.03% (59/2907), 14.90% (433/2907), 3.06% (89/2907),χ²=12.431, P=0.005; χ²=7.790, P=0.005; χ²=5.831, P=0.016; χ²=10.281, P=0.001; χ²=6.204, P=0.013). There were a total of 14 patterns of 255 drug-resistant strains, among which 52.94% (135) of the drug-resistant strains were only resistant to one drug, with isoniazid resistance being the main type (45.88%, 117); 37.25% (95) of resistant strains were resistant to two drugs, with levofloxacin+moxifloxacin as the dominant pattern (27.84%, 71), followed by isoniazid+rifampicin pattern (8.24%, 21); Only 5.49% (14) of resistant strains were resistant to three drugs. The total drug resistance rate (highest in Lin’an District (18.62%) and lowest in Linping District (8.99%)), rifampicin resistance rate (highest in Yuhang District (5.47%) and lowest in Chun’an County (0.54%)) and multidrug resistance rate (highest in Yuhang District (5.47%) and lowest in Chun’an County (0.54%)) in 8 suburban counties showed statistically significant differences (χ²=14.556, P=0.042; χ²=17.551, P=0.014; χ²=16.177, P=0.024). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that working in service industry (OR=7.887, 95%CI: 3.046-20.775), being cadres or staff (OR=5.143, 95%CI: 1.385-17.420), retreated patients (OR=3.313, 95%CI: 2.176-4.959), and aged over 60 years old (OR=1.801, 95%CI: 1.029-3.255) were risk factors for developing Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance. Conclusion: The control of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in suburban areas of Hangzhou is generally satisfactory, but it is still necessary to strengthen management and standardized treatment among retreated patients with emphasis on drug resistance screening, and strengthen active tuberculosis screening among service industry workers, cadres and staff and the elderly population, to effectively control the spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Bibliometric analysis of research hotspots and trends in silicosis fibrosis

Li Yue, Liu Keliang, Lyu Xiangpei, Wang Huanqiang

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  59-72.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250104

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Objective: To analyze the research hotspots and trend in silicosis fibrosis, providing a data-driven foundation for future research directions and strategies. Methods: The Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection was used as the primary database to retrieve literature from 2000—2025. Given the high disease burden of silicosis in China, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) was used to supplement the search with Chinese literature from the same period. CiteSpace 6.4.R1 (2023), VOSviewer 1.6.20 (2023), Pajek 6.01 (2025), and Charticulator 1.4.0 (2021) were used to conduct visual analysis of the publications, authors, countries, journals, and keywords of the included literature. Results: A total of 2005 articles were included (WoS: 961; CNKI: 1044). Global publications increased steadily from 2000—2014, followed by rapid growth in 2015, peaking in 2023. China contributed the most publications (539 articles, 56.09%). Research primarily focused on Toxicology and Pharmacology & Pharmacy, with collaborative networks centered on authors including, Chen Jie, Ni Chunhui, Tian Lin, Chen Weihong, Yao Sanqiao, Chao Jie, Wang Jing, Liu Heliang, Yang Fang, Xu Hong, Hao Changfu, Yao Wu, Ye Qiao, and Jia Qiang. Nanjing Medical University was the most cited institution, with a total of 1753 citations. North China University of Science and Technology was identified as the most prolific institution in both domestic and international databases (234 and 71 articles, respectively). The literature was mainly published in Chinese Journal of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, and Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Keyword co-occurrence analysis revealed that research focused on silicosis, inflammation, and pulmonary fibrosis. Early studies (2000—2010) emphasized disease definition and exposure association. The middle stage (2011—2018) explored inflammation, apoptosis, and molecular mechanisms. Recent studies (2019—present) shifted to ferroptosis. TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), CT (Computed Tomography), and NLRP3 Inflammasome were burst keywords. Conclusion: The research hotspots and trends in silicosis fibrosis showed a clear temporal evolution, presenting a shift from exposure factor identification to immunomodulation and signaling pathways, and then to the study of multi-factor interaction mechanisms.

DEGS2 affects proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma by regulating sphingolipid metabolism pathway

Ai Siyuan, Lian Liangliang, Tang Xiaoyang, Yuan Hongzhi

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  73-79.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250215

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Objective: To investigate the expression trends of all genes in normal lung tissues, paracancerous tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues, screen for characteristic genes and verify their functions via experiments. Methods: Integrated datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) were retrieved from the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Data Portal. R software was applied to analyze the expression trends of all genes, identify characteristic genes, and extract the gene set co-expressed at high levels in both paracancerous and tumor tissues. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. Genes with the most significant expression alterations in the most enriched pathway were screened among normal lung tissues, paracancerous tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. The role of candidate genes in tumorigenesis was validated using cell biology experiments. Results: Integrated data analysis identified a cluster of genes (DEGS2, PIGY, FUCA, GM2A) that were lowly expressed in normal tissues but highly expressed in both paracancerous and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that these genes were most significantly enriched in the membrane lipid metabolic process pathway. Intersection analysis of genes involved in this pathway and those consistent with the aforementioned expression trend revealed that DEGS2 exhibited the most prominent upregulation in paracancerous and tumor tissues, with an upregulation fold change of 3.27 compared with normal tissues. Cell experiments confirmed that DEGS2 knockout led to a significant reduction in the migration ability of lung adenocarcinoma cells at 24 h post-transfection, and a 55.0% decrease in cell viability at 72 h post-transfection. Conclusion: DEGS2 is highly expressed in both paracancerous tissues and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. This elevated expression can promote the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells, thereby driving the progression from paracancerous tissues to malignant tumors.

Cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis: a case report and literature review

Zhang Yingkui, Zhang Guanxia, Yang Zijuan, Wang Xiuchuan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  80-85.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250159

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Objective: To report the diagnosis and treatment process of a patient on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) complicated with cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis, and to analyze the clinical features, diagnostic approach, treatment strategy, and prognosis of this condition by reviewing relevant literature. Methods: We conducted literature research using the keywords “hemodialysis” and “tuberculosis” in PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases for paper published from January 2005 to May 2025, retrieved 41 articles involving a total of 70 extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases. Ultimately, 6 cases (including the present case) receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) complicated with tuberculous lymphadenitis with complete clinical data were included for literature review and analysis. We then summarized the characteristics of this case and reviewed the literature on the included cases. Results: This patient with MHD complicated with cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis was a middle-aged to elderly male with a history of diabetic nephropathy. The patient was admitted due to acute heart failure, and during treatment, painless cervical lymphadenopathy was detected. Ultrasound-guided needle biopsy revealed pathology consistent with “chronic granulomatous inflammation,” and nucleic acid amplification of the biopsy tissue was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, confirming the diagnosis. Treatment consisted of a four-drug regimen including isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z), and ethambutol (E). Based on his dialysis schedule, the dosing frequencies of pyrazinamide and ethambutol were adjusted to three times per week (administered post-dialysis). After two months of treatment, the patient’s cervical lymph nodes significantly decreased in size, his disease condition was effectively controlled. A review of the literature identified a total of 6 cases (including the present one) of MHD combined with tuberculous lymphadenitis with detailed clinical records. Their mean age was 52 years, with 3 males and 3 females. Diagnosis was primarily based on lymph node biopsy and molecular biological test. All patients achieved favorable therapeutic outcomes following individualized anti-tuberculosis treatment. Conclusion: MHD patients were at high risk of extrapulmonary tuberculosis due to immune dysfunction, and their clinical manifestations are often atypical. Diagnosis should combine imaging, immunological and pathological examinations. Treatment must follow guidelines strictly, with individualized adjustments (such as modifying drug dosage and administration frequency) to the standard regimen based on renal function and dialysis status.

Analysis of the current status and influencing factors of lung rehabilitation self-efficacy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Wu Yibing, Fang Lijun, Chen Liangqin, Lin Guosheng, Lin Jianfen, Guo Yanxue, Chen Nan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  86-91.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250214

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Objective: This study aims to explore the current status of lung rehabilitation self-efficacy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), analyze its influencing factors, and provide theoretical basis for the development of comprehensive lung rehabilitation programs. Methods: Three hundred COPD patients admitted to the Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Department of Putian University Affiliated Hospital from June 2023 to August 2024 were selected as the research subjects for questionnaire survey. Data was collected using the Chinese version of the pulmonary rehabilitation self efficacy index (pulmonary rehabilitation adapted index of self-efficacy, PRAISE), Subjective wellbeing scale, Life satisfaction scale, and Anxiety and depression level measurement scale. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done to explore the correlation between various factors and pulmonary rehabilitation self-efficacy. Results: Among the 300 patients, 192 (64.0%) had low levels of lung rehabilitation self-efficacy, while 108 (36.0%) had high levels. Multivariable analysis showed that high subjective well-being (OR=3.512, 95%CI: 1.897-6.503), high life satisfaction (OR=2.949, 95%CI: 1.582-5.509), and FEV₁%pred ≥50% (OR=2.135, 95%CI: 1.128-4.041) were protective factors affecting self-efficacy, while anxiety (OR=0.382, 95%CI: 0.208-0.702) and depression (OR=0.416, 95%CI: 0.227-0.763) were risk factors. Conclusion: The overall self-efficacy of COPD patients in pulmonary rehabilitation is low, influenced by multiple psychological factors. Targeted interventions are needed in clinical practice to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

Efficacy of progressive respiratory rehabilitation training in middle-aged and young patients with post-tuberculosis lung disease

Wang Xiufen, Luo Li, Song Meijuan, Yu Cuiying, Liu Huan, Wei Ran, Zhang Dandan, Li Jian

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  92-100.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250131

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Objective: To investigate the effects of progressive respiratory rehabilitation training on pulmonary function, exercise endurance, and quality of life in middle-aged and young patients with post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD). Methods: In this prospective study, 77 middle-aged and young PTLD patients admitted to the Department of the Third Pulmonary Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital between September 2022 and June 2024 were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. Eligible patients were randomly assigned, using a random number table, to either a control group (n=38; receiving conventional specialized nursing and respiratory rehabilitation exercises) or a observation group (n=39; receiving progressive intensive respiratory rehabilitation training in addition to the control regimen). Both groups received individualized case management for 6 months. Pulmonary function indices (FEV₁%, FVC%), exercise endurance (6-minute walk distance (6MWD)), grip strength, and quality of life (SF-36 scores) were assessed before the intervention, and at 1 and 6 months post-intervention. Results: At one month after the intervention, the observation group’s 6MWD was significantly lower than that of the control group ((461.77±84.49) m vs. (506.47±78.43) m; t=2.405, P=0.019). However, by six months, the 6MWD in the observation group was significantly higher than in the control group ((580.05±78.68) m vs. (532.61±88.18) m; t=2.493, P=0.015). Similarly, at six months, the observation group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in grip strength ((32.13±6.05) kg vs. (28.76±8.10) kg; t=2.072, P=0.042), FEV₁% ((74.77±12.76) % vs. (66.76±19.31) %; t=2.140, P=0.036), and FVC% ((86.97±14.17) % vs. (79.01±16.61) %; t=2.268, P=0.026) than the control group. In addition, the mental health scores of the observation group improved to (72.03±13.32) points one month after the intervention, while the overall quality of life scores increased to (636.66±82.28) points at six months. Both scores were significantly higher than those of the control group (65.39±13.40) and (562.64±83.07) points, respectively, with statistically significant differences (t=2.178, P=0.033; t=3.928, P<0.001). Conclusion: Progressive respiratory rehabilitation training markedly enhances exercise endurance, improves pulmonary function, and elevates the quality of life in middle-aged and young patients with post-tuberculosis lung disease. These findings support the broader clinical application in the management of PTLD.

The effect of problem oriented collaborative nursing combined with psychological-behavioral dual-dimensional induction on fiberoptic bronchoscopy treatment of refractory mycoplasma pneumonia in children

Huang Shujiao

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  101-105.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250082

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Objective: To observe the effect of problem oriented collaborative nursing combined with psychological-behavioral dual-dimensional induction on fiberoptic bronchoscopy treatment of children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumonia. Methods: Forty-five children with refractory pneumonia who received fiberoptic bronchoscopy treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University from December 2023 to May 2024 were selected as control group, and 45 children of the same type admitted from June to November 2024 were selected as observation group. The control group was provided with conventional care. The observation group received problem-oriented collaborative nursing combined with psychological-behavioral dual-dimensional induction. Observation indicators of the two groups after the intervention were compared. Results: The average scores of medical fear scale (CMFS) and self-rating anxiety scale (SCARED) for children in the observation group were (12.71±1.73) points and (7.27±1.30) points respectively, which were lower than those of the control group ((16.27±1.71) points and (11.62±1.95) points, t=-9.335, -12.704, both P<0.001). The treatment compliance excellent and good rate of the observation group was 95.6% (43/45), which was higher than 82.2% (37/45) of the control group (χ²=4.050, P=0.044). The average PedsQL 4.0 scores for physiological functions, emotional functions, social functions, and role functions of the observation group were (81.89±1.91) points, (79.11±1.99) points, (78.04±2.27) points, and (82.33±1.77) points respectively, higher than that of the control group ((70.69±2.93) points, (71.73±1.76) points, (69.33±1.64) points, (72.73±2.24) points, t=21.825, 19.139, 20.637, 22.678, all P<0.001). Conclusion: The application of problem oriented collaborative nursing combined with psychological-behavioral dual-dimensional induction in the fiberoptic bronchoscopy treatment of children with refractory mycoplasma pneumonia can enhance their treatment compliance, improve their indicators, and optimize their quality of life.

Review Articles

Research progress on lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary component in stage IA

Li Kaidi, Fan Qingda, Jiang Wensheng

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  106-111.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250164

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Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. Compared to other subtypes, pulmonary adenocarcinoma with a micropapillary component (micropapillary pattern pulmonary adenocarcinoma, MPPAC), particularly the micropapillarypredominant form, exhibits relatively distinct pathological characteristics and a unique tumor immune microenvironment, along with highly invasive behavior. Thanks to increased health awareness and the widespread adoption of low-dose spiral CT, the detection rate of early-stage lung cancer has significantly improved. Against this backdrop, timely diagnosis of MPPAC is crucial for guiding surgical planning and developing personalized adjuvant treatment strategies. Due to its high malignant potential and aggressiveness, patients with lung adenocarcinoma featuring micropapillary structures often have a poorer prognosis. This article provides an overview of recent research progress regarding the histopathological characteristics, imaging features, underlying mechanisms of formation, genetic mutations, treatment approaches, and prognosis in stage IA lung adenocarcinoma with micropapillary components, aiming to offer a reference for clinical diagnosis and management.

Advances in research on chest CT combined with artificial intelligence-assisted detection in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis

Zhang Jiacheng, Tang Shenjie, Hou Dailun, Li Liang

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  112-119.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250134

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Early accurate diagnosis and drug resistance identification play a crucial role in the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Conventional laboratory tests have significant lag, while manual interpretation of chest imaging is prone to interference from subjective factors. However, artificial intelligence (AI) technology provides a new direction for optimizing PTB diagnosis and treatment process. At present, chest X-ray computer-aided detection (CXR-CAD) software has been applied in daily clinical work. For computed tomography computer-aided detection (CT-CAD), relevant studies have established a variety of AI models and conducted clinical tests in the fields of PTB differential diagnosis, effectiveness, drug resistance prediction, and scientific research assistance. These models have demonstrated important application value in PTB diagnosis and treatment practice. This study reviews the research progress of CT-CAD in the above-mentioned fields, analyzes bottleneck problems in its clinical transformation process, to provide a scientific basis for the efficient application of CT-CAD in PTB diagnosis and treatment.

Progress of research on the health literacy assessment tools for tuberculosis patients

Yuan Jingsong, Chen Jingfang, Deng Guofang, Lin Yi, Meng Ting, Ma Mengting

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(1):  120-124.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250160

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This paper reviews the relevant studies on the health literacy of tuberculosis patients both domestically and internationally. It provides a comprehensive review of the concept of health literacy and the content, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of assessment tools, with the aim of promoting research on the health literacy of tuberculosis patients in China and providing a scientific basis for accurately assessing the health literacy level of tuberculosis patients.