Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ›› 2025, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (5): 538-543.doi: 10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250098
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Zhang Ying1, Ye Yun2(
), Zuo Xiuying1, Ding Jiaqi1, Wang Fang1
Received:2025-07-06
Online:2025-10-20
Published:2025-10-15
Contact:
Ye Yun
E-mail:jszjsyyy@163.com
Supported by:CLC Number:
Zhang Ying, Ye Yun, Zuo Xiuying, Ding Jiaqi, Wang Fang. Summary of the best evidence for nutritional management in patients with both pulmonary tuberculosis and diabetes[J]. Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , 2025, 6(5): 538-543. doi: 10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250098
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URL: https://www.jtbld.cn/EN/10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250098
| 纳入文献 (第一作者-文献编号) | 发表时间 (年) | 纳入主题 | 文献类型 | 文献来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 国际防痨和肺部疾病联合会[ | 2019 | Management of diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis: a guide to the essential practice | 指南 | World Diabetes Foundation |
| 汪求真[ | 2020 | 肺结核合并糖尿病双重负担及其综合防治指南(建议) | 指南 | 中国知网 |
| 中国人民解放军总医院第八医学中心结核病医学部[ | 2022 | 结核病重症患者营养评估及营养支持治疗专家共识 | 专家共识 | 万方数据库 |
| 中华医学会结核病学分会重症专业委员会[ | 2020 | 结核病营养治疗专家共识 | 专家共识 | 中华医学会 |
| 国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心[ | 2021 | 结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理专家共识 | 专家共识 | 中国知网 |
| 中国防痨协会护理专业分会[ | 2024 | 肺结核患者营养管理护理实践专家共识 | 专家共识 | 中国知网 |
| 王秀军[ | 2013 | 肺结核合并糖尿病患者饮食问题的循证护理 | 系统评价 | 维普网 |
| 林燕珍[ | 2022 | 基于MDT模式的营养支持应用于肺结核合并糖尿病患者的效果分析 | 随机对照试验 | 中国知网 |
| 张娜[ | 2017 | 糖尿病合并肺结核患者的饮食护理 | 随机对照试验 | 维普网 |
| 兰艳[ | 2018 | 个体化饮食干预对肺结核并糖尿病患者血糖水平和安全性的影响 | 随机对照试验 | 中国知网 |
| 张孝楠[ | 2016 | 肺结核合并糖尿病患者的饮食及营养支持 | 随机对照试验 | 万方数据库 |
| 洪丽平[ | 2023 | 膳食管理干预对2型糖尿病合并肺结核患者营养状态及氧化应激的影响 | 随机对照试验 | 万方数据库 |
| 证据主题 | 证据总结 | 证据等级 |
|---|---|---|
| 体质量管理 | 1.建议结核病与糖尿病共病患者维持正常的体质量范围(体质量指数:18.5~23.9kg/m2)[ | 5b |
| 能量需求 | 2.根据体质量和活动量计算每天所需总热量,标准体质量计算公式:身高(cm)―105=标准体质量(kg),每日所需总热量=每千克体质量需要摄入量×标准体质量[ | 1c |
| 3.建议每日能量摄入应比普通糖尿病患者增加10%~20%[ | 1a | |
| 4.碳水化合物应占总能量的50%~65%,蛋白质的比例占总能量的15%~20%,脂肪占总能量的20%~30%[ | 1a | |
| 宏观营养素 | 5.每日碳水化合物量应限制在不超过300g/d[ | 5b |
| 6.蛋白质:蛋白质每人1.5~2.0g/(kg·d),首选优质蛋白质,比例超过1/3,以提高吸收利用率[ | 1a | |
| 7.脂肪:脂肪1.0~1.8g/(kg·d);减少反式脂肪酸的摄入,增加Ω-3不饱和脂肪酸的比例[ | 1a | |
| 8.适量饮水:建议每天饮水不少于1200ml[ | 5b | |
| 9.摄入足够的膳食纤维:推荐糖尿病患者的膳食纤维摄入量应达到并超过健康人群的推荐摄入量,具体为25~30g/d或10~14g/1000kcal[ | 1a | |
| 微量营养素 | 10.补充维生素A和维生素D可改善患者的免疫功能和预后,并降低糖化血红蛋白。结核病灶会消耗大量维生素B和维生素C,双胍类降糖药也会减少维生素B12的吸收,故膳食中应添加富含维生素的食物[ | 1a |
| 11.如微量营养素摄入不足或需求增加,建议采用复合微量元素膳食补充剂,其摄入量应为推荐摄入量的0.5~1.5倍[ | 1a | |
| 营养制剂 | 12.对存在营养风险或营养不良者,建议选择糖尿病专用型肠内营养制剂。肠外营养治疗时应使用胰岛素泵单独输注[ | 1a |
| 禁食食物 | 13.限制甜品、糖果、含糖饮料及糕点等的摄入[ | 1b |
| 14.油炸、过硬和辛辣食品容易刺激呼吸道,需避免食用[ | ||
| 15.口服异烟肼时,应减少茄子、鱼类的摄入[ | ||
| 16.口服吡嗪酰胺时,应减少肉类、豆制品的摄入[ | ||
| 17.口服利福平时,禁止服用牛奶[ | ||
| 18.建议患者戒烟戒酒[ | ||
| 推荐食物 | 19.应优先选择优质蛋白质来源、低糖、高纤维素及富含维生素的食品,包括新鲜蔬菜和水果、全谷物及乳制品。例如,大豆、鸡肉、新鲜牛奶、韭菜、玉米面、黄豆面和荞麦面等均为理想选择[ | 1c |
| 血糖管理 | 20.血糖监测:建议优先进行快速血糖监测。监测的频率应根据糖尿病和结核病的严重程度进行调整[ | 5b |
| 21.血糖控制目标如下:(1)结核病治疗期间:一般情况下:糖化血红蛋白<7.0%,空腹血糖在4.4~7.0mmol/L之间,非空腹血糖<10.0mmol/L;对于并发心脑血管疾病、高风险心脑血管疾病、高龄患者及严重结核病患者:糖化血红蛋白<8.0%,空腹血糖在7.8~10.0mmol/L之间,非空腹血糖在7.8~13.9mmol/L之间。(2)非治疗期间:对于年龄较小、病程较短、预期寿命较长且无并发症或心血管疾病的患者:糖化血红蛋白<6.5%,空腹血糖在4.4~6.1mmol/L之间,非空腹血糖在6.1~7.8mmol/L之间;对于大多数非妊娠成年患者:糖化血红蛋白<7.0%,空腹血糖在4.4~7.0mmol/L之间,非空腹血糖<10.0mmol/L;对于高龄、低血糖发生风险较高且无法耐受低血糖、存在多器官功能不全、预期生存期低于5年、需重症监护的患者:糖化血红蛋白<8.0%,空腹血糖在7.8~10.0mmol/L,非空腹血糖在7.8~13.9mmol/L[ | 5b | |
| 22.低血糖处理:出现低血糖的情况下,应按照文献所述的低血糖处理流程进行相应的处理[ | 5b | |
| 个体化 营养指导 | 23.建议为结核病合并糖尿病患者制定个体化营养干预措施,达到既保证充足营养摄入,又维持血糖稳定的目标[ | 1a |
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