Table of Content

20 October 2026, Volume 7 Issue 5

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Interpretation of Standards

Interpretation of group standard T/WSJD 32—2023: Technical Guidelines of Chest CT for Aided Diagnosis of Pneumoconiosis

Wang Huanqiang

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  554-558.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260189

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Pneumoconiosis is the most prevalent and devastating statutory occupational disease in China. High-kilovoltage and digital radiography (DR) posteroanterior chest radiographs have long served as the core diagnostic modality, yet they have inherent limitations, including anatomical superimposition, low detection rate of early lesions, and limited capacity for differential diagnosis. In recent years, chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has been increasingly applied in pneumoconiosis screening and diagnosis. However, the absence of unified standards for scanning protocols, image reconstruction and interpretation criteria has led to considerable quality disparities across institutions and low inter-observer diagnostic consistency, which severely undermines the credibility of diagnosis and occupational disease appraisal. Issued in 2023, Technical Guidelines of Chest CT for Aided Diagnosis of Pneumoconiosis (T/WSJD 32—2023) is China’s first dedicated group standard for CT-aided pneumoconiosis diagnosis. Developed through a six-year evidence-based research process, it follows the technical pathway of “expert consensus first, group standard second”, and is established based on large-sample imaging data and multiple rounds of clinical validation. Grounded in the standard’s formulation background and methodological evidence, this paper systematically interprets its scope and application positioning, terminology system, whole-process technical specifications, reconstruction and post-processing requirements, and quality control system. It further analyzes its bridging value with Technical Specifications for Occupational Health Surveillance (GBZ 188—2025) and the forthcoming revised version of Diagnosis of Occupational Pneumoconiosis (GBZ 70), and puts forward clinical application recommendations and future upgrading directions. This paper aims to guide occupational disease diagnosticians to accurately understand the core connotation of the standard, standardize CT-aided diagnosis practices, and improve diagnostic consistency and accuracy.

Interpretation of Chinese Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumoconiosis Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Ma Zhiming

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  559-563.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260243

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The Chinese Society for Tuberculosis of the Chinese Medical Association and the Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association organized multidisciplinary experts in respiratory diseases, occupational diseases, tuberculosis and other relevant fields to jointly formulate the Chinese Expert Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pneumoconiosis Complicated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. The consensus establishes integrated diagnostic principles for pneumoconiosis complicated with pulmonary tuberculosis, and specifies pathological classification, judgment of active imaging-based signs, and application specifications for laboratory and invasive examinations. Stratified differential diagnostic criteria for non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease and pulmonary aspergillosis have been formulated. Clinical pathways including anti-tuberculosis treatment regimens and duration, management of drug-drug interactions, surgical and interventional therapy, rehabilitation and psychological intervention are standardized. Meanwhile, it defines applicable indications for end-stage life support, lung transplant evaluation and palliative care, and introduces international prevention-and-control experience regarding two-way screening and joint management. Based on the 12 core clinical questions and 13 recommendations proposed in the consensus, the authors systematically interpret the core contents and evidence-based rationale of this consensus. Combined with supplementary domestic and international research evidence on epidemiology, diagnostic techniques, therapeutic regimens and prevention-control models, this paper summarizes the key points of five modules: diagnostic strategies, differential diagnosis, treatment and management, end-stage management, and prevention-control systems.

Interpretation of key revisions in Good Clinical Practice (2026 version)

Zhao Jiaojie, Gao Jingtao

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  564-567.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260154

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The 2026 version of Good Clinical Practice (GCP, hereinafter referred to as the 2026 GCP) has been officially released and is pending implementation. Fully aligned with E6(R3): Guideline for Good Clinical Practice issued by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) in January 2025, this revision structurally reconstructs the institutional framework based on the current development status and existing pain points of China’s clinical trial industry. The 2026 GCP streamlines redundant provisions from previous editions and adds an independent chapter on data governance. It establishes three core philosophies, namely “quality by design”, “proportionate risk management” and “fit-for-purpose”, and further clarifies the lifelong shared liabilities of sponsors and principal investigators. Combining the original text of the 2026 GCP, international regulatory updates and industrial statistical data, this paper systematically sorts out the policy background of this revision and provides an in-depth interpretation of all core revisions. It also analyzes the impacts of the 2026 GCP on industrial landscape, compliance systems and internationalization. Furthermore, adaptive suggestions are proposed from the perspectives of pharmaceutical enterprises, clinical trial institutions and industrial regulators, so as to provide references for domestic clinical trial stakeholders to achieve compliant transformation and advance high-quality development of the industry.

Study Protocol

Study design of a single-arm feasibility trial of the ultra-short-course B-P-L-S-Z regimen for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis

Nie Ligang, Zhang Mingyue, Amina·Mamuti , Wang Xueyu, Lu Shuihua, Nie Wenjuan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  568-573.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260160

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Objective: Based on safety, tolerability, and preliminary clinical efficacy, this study was designed to develop a novel 3-month short-course five-drug combination regimen, B-P-L-S-Z (B, bedaquiline; P, pretomanid; L, linezolid; S, sitafloxacin; Z, pyrazinamide), and to investigate the early bactericidal activity (EBA) of sitafloxacin, so as to provide a basis for sample size estimation and trial design for the subsequent confirmatory clinical trial. Methods: A single-arm, open-label feasibility trial was conducted in 12 patients with bacteriologically confirmed rifampicin-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treated at Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, who were enrolled in accordance with the inclusion criteria. All patients first received oral sitafloxacin monotherapy for 7 consecutive days, followed by the B-P-L-S-Z regimen for 3 months (12 weeks). All subjects received medication under directly observed therapy with standardized health education. Drug safety and patient tolerability were assessed through adverse event monitoring, laboratory testing, electrocardiographic changes, and treatment outcomes. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by the sputum culture conversion rate at the end of treatment, the time to culture conversion, and the disease relapse rate during the 78-week follow-up period after treatment completion. Discussion: If the short-course B-P-L-S-Z combination regimen proves to be clinically feasible, the findings of this study will provide an important reference for the design and implementation of subsequent randomized controlled clinical trials.

A phase Ⅱ clinical study on the early bactericidal activity, safety, and tolerability of oral sudapyridine (WX-081) tablets in patients with newly diagnosed drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis

Zeng Chunmei, Lu Qingxia, Nie Wenjuan, Zhu Qingdong, Chu Naihui, Zhu Fengmei

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  574-580.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260098

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Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global public health challenge, with treatment regimens often characterized by long durations and numerous adverse effects. Sudapyridine (WX-081) is China’s first Class Ⅰ novel anti-tuberculosis drug, demonstrating good anti-tuberculosis activity and better safety compared to bedaquiline. Methods: This study is a national, randomized, controlled, multicenter Phase Ⅱ clinical trial, aiming to evaluate the early bactericidal activity, safety, and tolerability of oral sudapyridine tablets in patients with newly diagnosed drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis, and to preliminarily assess its effectiveness in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis. The study collects data on sputum colony-forming units and time to positivity during monotherapy and early treatment with the new drug regimen, observing trends and comparing them with classic treatment regimens to evaluate anti-tuberculosis activity. Safety and tolerability data are also collected during treatment to assess the safety of the drug. Discussion: This study aims to validate the new anti-tuberculosis drug and optimize treatment regimens for drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. By ensuring anti-tuberculosis activity while improving drug safety, it provides theoretical basis and clinical data to increase the cure rate of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis.

Original Articles

Analysis of tuberculosis infection and associated factors among household close contacts of active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Hechuan District, Chongqing City

Yi Benju, Tang Yuhong, Mo Yixin, Jiang Lina, Liao Yi

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  581-588.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260094

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Objective: To investigate the rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among household close contacts of active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and associated risk factors in Hechuan District, Chongqing, so as to assess their willingness to receive preventive therapy,and provide evidence for developing household-based intervention strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 209 household close contacts of 134 active PTB patients newly registered at local designated PTB clinics from September 2023 to June 2025 were enrolled. All participants underwent recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis fusion protein (EC) skin tests, chest X-ray examinations, and questionnaire interviews. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with infection. Results: The tuberculosis infection rate was 19.62% (41/209) by EC skin test among close contacts. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sputum smear positivity of the index case (aOR=3.116, 95%CI: 1.421-6.832), alcohol consumption habits (aOR=3.601, 95%CI: 1.327-9.774), diabetes mellitus (aOR=4.969, 95%CI: 1.098-22.495), and non-tuberculosis chest X-ray abnormalities (aOR=11.400, 95%CI: 1.188-109.383) were more likely to be associated with tuberculosis infection. Among EC-positive close contacts, the acceptance rate of preventive treatment was 61.11% (22/36). The main reasons for refusal treatment were “misconception of asymptomatic status” (78.57%(11/14)) and “fear of adverse drug reactions” (50.00%(7/14)). Conclusion: Household close contacts are at relatively high infection risk of tuberculosis infection. Key influencing factors include infectivity of the index case, diabetes mellitus, non-tuberculosis chest X-ray abnormalities, and unhealthy lifestyles such as alcohol consumption. Therefore, targeted screening should be prioritized for these four categories of close contacts. Enhanced health education is also needed to improve preventive treatment coverage.

Analysis of the factors influencing medication adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Chongqing City from 2021 to 2024

Pang Yan, Wu Chengguo, Wang Qingya, Peng Peng

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  589-595.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260078

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Objective: To analyze the medication adherence and its influencing factors among pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in Chongqing from 2021 to 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for improving treatment outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using medical records of PTB patients registered between 2021 and 2024, extracted from the Tuberculosis Information System,a subsystem of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify factors associated with medication adherence. Results: A total of 46321 PTB patients registered in Chongqing from 2021 to 2024 were included, with an overall regular medication rate of 98.10% (45440/46321), showing a significant increasing trend over the years ($\chi_{\text {trend}}^2$=50.858,P<0.001). The regular medication rate was higher in the main urban area (98.92%,21350/21583) and the northeastern urban agglomeration (98.57%,15795/16024), but relatively lower in the southeastern urban agglomeration (95.19%,8295/8714), with a statistically significant difference (χ²=491.962,P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients of Tujia ethnicity (OR=1.82, 95%CI:1.45-2.29), Miao ethnicity (OR=4.68, 95%CI:3.71-5.90), and other ethnic minorities (OR=3.83, 95%CI:1.37-10.73) had lower adherence than Han patients.Compared with students,agricultural workers (OR=4.49,95%CI:1.86-10.86), government/institution staff (OR=4.23,95%CI:1.59-11.26), enterprise employees (OR=4.82,95%CI:1.92-12.09), commercial/service personnel (OR=3.30,95%CI:1.20-9.02), and other occupations (OR=3.51,95%CI:1.46-8.46) all had lower adherence. Retreatment cases (OR=1.28,95%CI:1.03-1.59) had lower adherence than initial treatment cases; patients on self-administered medication (OR=2.01, 95%CI:1.54-2.63) had lower adherence than those under supervised medication; patients using anti-tuberculosis fixed-dose combination (FDC)(OR=1.24, 95%CI:1.04-1.47) had lower adherence than non-users; patients with severe adverse reactions (OR=4.90, 95%CI:3.33-7.20) had lower adherence than those without; and patients identified through direct visits (OR=2.79, 95%CI:1.67-4.66), referral (OR=2.17, 95%CI:1.33-3.52), or tracing (OR=1.95, 95%CI:1.16-3.29) had lower adherence than those detected via health checkups, active screening, or other methods. Conclusion: The overall medication adherence among PTB patients in Chongqing was relatively high, with distinct temporal and spatial characteristics. Targeted interventions should be developed to improve adherence among high-risk groups, including ethnic minorities, agricultural workers, government/institution staff, enterprise employees, and commercial/service personnel, as well as patients who are retreatment cases, on self-administered medication, using anti-tuberculosis FDC, experiencing severe adverse reactions, and detected through passive case-finding approaches, in order to reduce the risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes.

Application of an antimicrobial stewardship model guided by microbial culture and dynamic procalcitonin monitoring in older patients with pulmonary infection

Lan Lijia, Que Xiaohua, Jiang Weiwei

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  596-601.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260231

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Objective: To evaluate an antimicrobial stewardship model guided by microbial culture and dynamic procalcitonin (PCT) monitoring in older patients with pulmonary infection. Methods: This retrospective study included 96 patients aged 60 years or older who were hospitalized with pulmonary infection between June 2025 and June 2026. According to the antimicrobial management strategy documented in the medical records, the patients were assigned to a control group or an intervention group, with 48 patients in each group. The control group received routine empirical antimicrobial therapy, whereas the intervention group was managed using standardized respiratory specimen collection, microbial identification and susceptibility testing, serial PCT monitoring, and multidisciplinary reassessment of antimicrobial therapy. Process indicators, pathogen distribution, antimicrobial use, inflammatory markers, and 28-day outcomes were compared. Results: The qualified rate of observation-combination specimens, evidence-based adjustment rate within 72 h, de-escalation therapy rate, and rational application rate of antimicrobial agents in the observation group were 89.58% (43/48), 83.33% (40/48), 43.75% (21/48), and 91.67% (44/48), respectively, which were higher than those in the control group (68.75% (33/48), 56.25% (27/48), 20.83% (10/48), and 70.83% (34/48)), with statistically significant differences (χ²=6.341, P=0.012; χ²=8.382, P=0.004; χ²=5.761, P=0.016; χ²=6.838, P=0.009). The duration of antimicrobial agent use ((6.37±1.72) d) and the mean antimicrobial therapy days per case ((9.86±2.75) d) in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group ((8.64±2.13) d and (13.52±3.84) d), with statistically significant differences (t=5.748, P<0.001; t=5.359, P<0.001). At 3 days of treatment, procalcitonin (PCT)((0.71±0.33) ng/ml), C-reactive protein (CRP)((34.28±11.67) mg/L), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)(4.85±1.39) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group ((1.04±0.45) ng/ml, (45.76±13.85) mg/L, 6.34±1.76), showing statistically significant differences (t=4.094, 4.392, 4.607; all P<0.001); at 7 days of treatment, these indicators ((0.22±0.11) ng/ml, (12.36±5.41) mg/L, 2.81±0.86) were also lower than those in the control group ((0.39±0.18) ng/ml, (19.84±7.62) mg/L, 3.68±1.04), with statistically significant differences (t=5.584, 5.542, 4.459; all P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between the observation group and the control group in clinical effective rate (93.75% (45/48) vs. 81.25% (39/48)), antimicrobial-related adverse reaction rate (4.17% (2/48) vs. 16.67% (8/48)), and 28-day recurrence/readmission rate (4.17% (2/48) vs. 14.58% (7/48))(Fisher’s exact test, P=0.120, 0.091, and 0.159, respectively). Conclusion: The structured antimicrobial stewardship model was associated with more frequent evidence-supported adjustment and de-escalation, more appropriate antimicrobial use, and shorter antimicrobial exposure. Its effect on short-term clinical outcomes requires confirmation in larger prospective studies.

Combined assessment of inflammatory biomarkers for disease severity and short-term prognosis in elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Hu Yunqu, Ren Haibo

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  602-607.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260069

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Objective: To analyze the evaluative value of combined detection of multiple inflammatory biomarkers for disease severity and short-term prognosis in elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. A total of 60 elderly AECOPD patients admitted to the Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force Xinjiang Corps from January 2023 to December 2025 were enrolled as study subjects. The patients were divided into a mild-to-moderate group (32 cases) and a severe and very severe group (28 cases) according to disease severity; into a favorable prognosis group (47 cases) and a poor prognosis group (13 cases) based on 30-day prognosis; and into a low comorbidity group (0-1 comorbidity; 27 cases) and a high comorbidity group (≥2 comorbidities; 33 cases) by the number of comorbidities. Data of peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and eosinophil (EOS) level within 24 hours after admission were collected, and inter-group differences were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify independent risk factors for short-term poor prognosis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to evaluate the predictive efficacy of different models. Results: The severe and very severe group had higher NLR (6.9 (6.1, 7.9)) and SII (950 (880, 1050)) than the mild-to-moderate group (3.8 (3.1, 4.6) and 610 (560, 690), respectively), and lower EOS (0.22 (0.18, 0.26)×10⁹/L) than the mild-to-moderate group (0.39 (0.35, 0.45)×10⁹/L). All differences were statistically significant (U=48.500, 32.000, 67.000, respectively; all P<0.001, retained to three decimal places). The poor prognosis group had higher NLR (8.7 (7.9, 9.5)) and SII (1120 (1010, 1280)) than the favorable prognosis group (5.0 (4.2, 5.9) and 760 (670, 860), respectively), and lower EOS (0.19 (0.16, 0.22)×10⁹/L) than the favorable prognosis group (0.40 (0.35, 0.46)×10⁹/L), with statistically significant differences (U=12.000, 10.500, 25.000, respectively; all P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high comorbidity burden (OR=3.25, 95%CI: 1.12-9.42), elevated NLR (OR=2.10, 95%CI: 1.35-3.27), elevated SII (OR=1.45, 95%CI: 1.12-1.88) and decreased EOS (OR=2.80, 95%CI: 1.30-6.02) were independent risk factors for 30-day poor prognosis in elderly AECOPD patients. ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the combined assessment of NLR, SII and EOS for short-term poor prognosis was 0.914 (95%CI: 0.847-0.981), which was significantly higher than that of single indicators (NLR: 0.782 (95%CI:0.674-0.890); SII: 0.805 (95%CI:0.701-0.909); EOS: 0.751 (95%CI:0.638-0.864)). Conclusion: Combined detection of NLR, SII and EOS can significantly improve the accuracy of disease stratification and short-term prognosis evaluation in elderly AECOPD patients. High comorbidity burden further exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response in elderly AECOPD patients. The combined assessment of NLR, SII and EOS can provide objective evidence for comprehensive clinical evaluation of patient conditions and early intervention.

Clinical observation of Guben Kechuan Granules combined with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate inhalation aerosol in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of the spleen-kidney deficiency syndrome type

Fang Jianqing, Shen Yu, Tang Jingya, Wu Xuenong, Wang Zhe, Yu Ting

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  608-614.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260075

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Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of Guben Kechuan Granules combined with budesonide-glycopyrronium-formoterol inhalation aerosol in elderly stable-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with spleen-kidney deficiency pattern, and its influence on the risk of acute exacerbation. Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled study. A total of 80 elderly patients with stable COPD treated in the medical consortium of Linping District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Hangzhou from July 2024 to January 2025 were enrolled. Patients were divided into observation group and control group by random number table method, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received budesonide-glycopyrronium-formoterol inhalation aerosol, while the observation group was additionally given Guben Kechuan Granules on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 12 weeks. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome score, COPD assessment test (CAT) score, pulmonary function indicators (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV₁ percentage of predicted value (FEV₁%pred)), serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-23 levels were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Adverse reactions were recorded during treatment. Patients were followed-up for 12 months after treatment completion to record the occurrence of acute exacerbations. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in baseline general data and observation indicators between the two groups before treatment. After treatment, the TCM syndrome scores of the control group and observation group were 16.00±2.64 and 14.05±3.19, and the CAT scores were 12.03±2.68 and 10.40±2.52, respectively. Both scores decreased compared with baseline, and were significantly lower in the observation group (t=2.965, P=0.004; t=2.795, P=0.007). After treatment, FEV₁ were (1.37±0.29) L and (1.58±0.31) L; FVC were (2.08±0.51) L and (2.39±0.55) L; FEV₁%pred were (58.41±4.83) % and (62.39±5.09) % for the control and observation group. All pulmonary-function parameters increased after treatment and were significantly higher in the observation group (t=-3.277, P=0.009; t=-2.605, P=0.011; t=-5.390, P<0.001). Post-treatment serum IL-17 were (45.42±4.21) pg/ml and (42.20±4.38) pg/ml; IL-23 were (239.05±28.11) pg/ml and (221.48±27.54) pg/ml for the control and observation group. Both inflammatory biomarkers decreased after treatment and were significantly lower in the observation group (t=3.351, P=0.001; t=2.902, P=0.005). During treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions was 2.5% (1/40) in the control group and 5.0% (2/40) in the observation group, without statistical difference (Fisher’s exact test, P=1.000). Within the 12-month follow-up period, the incidence of acute exacerbations in the observation group was 12.5% (5/40), which was lower than 35.0% (14/40) in the control group (χ²=5.590, P=0.018). Conclusion: Adding Guben Kechuan Granules to budesonide-glycopyrronium-formoterol inhalation therapy can further improve clinical symptoms, pulmonary function and partial inflammatory markers in elderly stable-COPD patients with Spleen-Kidney Deficiency Pattern, and may reduce the risk of acute exacerbations within 12-month follow-up with satisfactory safety profile.

Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for severe myelosuppression in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Liu Suling, Chen Hua, Ding Wenping, Wang Fan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  615-623.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20262040

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Objective: To explore the risk factors associated with severe myelosuppression in lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and to develop a risk prediction model for severe myelosuppression in these patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the relevant data of 145 lung cancer patients who experienced myelosuppression following chemotherapy during their hospitalization at Guangzhou Chest Hospital from September 2023 to December 2024.The risk factors contributing to severe myelosuppression were systematically analyzed. Results: Among 145 lung cancer patients with myelosuppression following chemotherapy, 48 cases (33.1%) developed severe myelosuppression. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that severe myelosuppression was significantly positively correlated with the history of pulmonary surgery and platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens, and was negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), chemotherapy cycles, pre-chemotherapy red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, platelet count, serum albumin level, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Multivariate regression analysis showed that noninitial chemotherapy was a protective factor against severe myelosuppression in patients with lung cancer undergoing chemotherapy (OR=0.069,95%CI:0.019-0.246), while decreased serum albumin level (OR=10.789,95%CI:4.012-29.015) and history of pulmonary surgery (OR=3.193,95%CI:1.173-8.695) were independent risk factors for severe myelosuppression in these patients. A logistic regression model was established and the predictive efficacy of the model was verified via the area under the ROC curve, which was 0.839 (95% confidence interval (CI): (0.775-0.903) of the final model, with the maximum Youden index 0.566, the sensitivity 81.3%, and the specificity 75.3%. Conclusion: This model exhibits excellent predictive performance and can serve as a valuable reference for clinical treatment and nursing interventions to prevent severe myelosuppression.

Health Care

The effect of a nursing intervention based on protection motivation theory on self-management levels and sleep quality in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Lian Chailan, Li Haiyan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  624-629.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260085

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Objective: To explore the intervention effect of nursing based on the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in patients with mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods: A total of 98 patients with mild to moderate OSAS admitted to Ningde Hospital of Fujian Province were enrolled from September 2022 to September 2024. They were divided into the control group (49 cases, receiving routine nursing) and the observation group (49 cases, receiving PMT-based nursing intervention) using the random number table method. Both groups received continuous nursing for 14 days (from the first day of admission to the day of discharge). The self-management level, sleep quality, quality of life and objective sleep parameters were compared between the two groups. Results: After nursing, the scores of self-care skills, self-responsibility, self-concept and health knowledge level in the Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA) of the observation group were (30.94±3.22), (20.33±1.84), (25.87±1.92) and (40.64±2.83) respectively, all higher than those of the control group ((25.53±3.17), (15.96±1.78), (19.94±1.46), (28.94±2.71)), with statistically significant differences (t=8.381, 11.949, 17.209, 20.902, all P<0.001). After nursing, the scores of sleep latency, hypnotic drug use, sleep disturbance, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, sleep duration and daytime dysfunction in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of the observation group were (1.10±0.19), (1.09±0.12), (1.01±0.16), (1.02±0.16), (1.01±0.12), (1.11±0.13) and (1.13±0.14) respectively, all lower than those of the control group ((1.68±0.22), (1.53±0.15), (1.46±0.21), (1.44±0.18), (1.56±0.18), (1.60±0.14), (1.62±0.17)), with statistically significant differences (t=13.967, 16.034, 11.932, 12.208, 17.797, 17.953, 15.575, all P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the observation group had higher scores in all domains of the Quality of Life-BREF (QOL-BREF) after nursing: psychological domain (85.53±4.96 vs. 79.94±4.27), physical domain (82.29±4.18 vs. 75.21±4.04), environmental domain (85.67±4.33 vs. 78.98±4.25), and social relationship domain (84.94±4.55 vs. 76.62±4.19), with statistically significant differences (t=5.979, 8.525, 7.719, 9.416, all P<0.001). After nursing, the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of the observation group was (8.14±2.03) events/h, which was lower than that of the control group ((12.45±2.41) events/h); the lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO₂) was (91.05±3.76) %, which was higher than that of the control group ((86.33±3.54) %). Both differences were statistically significant (t=9.547, 6.345, all P<0.001). Conclusion: PMT-based nursing intervention can improve the self-management level, sleep quality and quality of life of patients with mild to moderate OSAS.

Effect of pediatric early warning score-based nursing intervention on blood gas parameters, rehabilitation progress, and prognosis in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome

Wang Linlin, Li Hong, Zhang Yan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  630-634.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260138

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Objective: To investigate the effect of nursing intervention guided by the pediatric early warning score (PEWS) in neonates with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), and to provide new evidence for the clinical nursing of NRDS. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 98 children with NRDS admitted to Putian University Affiliated Hospital from October 2023 to October 2025. According to different nursing methods, they were divided into two groups: a control group of 49 children received routine nursing intervention, and an observation group of 49 children received PEWS based nursing. Both groups received continuous nursing for 2 weeks. Evaluate and compare the levels of various blood gas indicators, rehabilitation process, incidence of complications, and family satisfaction with nursing services between two groups of pediatric patients. Results: After nursing, the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) in the observation group was (40.28±3.20) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), which was lower than that in the control group (44.76±3.23) mmHg; The arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) were (83.39±5.90) mmHg and (95.14±3.56) %, respectively, both higher than the control group’s (75.54±5.88) mmHg and (92.29±3.31) %, the differences were statistically significant (t=6.897, 6.597, 4.104, all P values <0.001); The mechanical ventilation time and hospitalization time of the observation group were (125.19±10.10) hours and (8.93±1.79) days, respectively, which were shorter than those of the control group (160.06±10.13) hours and (11.69±1.85) days, the differences were statistically significant (t=17.064, 7.505, P values <0.001); The total incidence of complications in the observation group was 8.2% (4/49), which was lower than that in the control group (28.6%, 14/49), the differences were statistically significant (χ²=6.806, P=0.009); The satisfaction rate of the family members of the observation group was 95.9% (47/49), which was higher than that in the control group (83.7%, 41/49), the differences were statistically significant (χ²=4.009, P=0.045). Conclusion: PEWS-based nursing intervention can effectively improve blood gas parameters, accelerate rehabilitation, reduce the incidence of complications such as pneumonia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, and improve the prognosis of neonates with NRDS, thereby increasing their families’ satisfaction with nursing care.

The effect of rapid time-effect management mode on the time-effect and prognosis of bedside endotracheal suctioning in critically ill patients

Chen Jiali, Ke Xianli, Lin Yanhuan, Lin Jingjun

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  635-642.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260157

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Objective: To explore the effect of rapid time-effect management mode on bedside bronchoscope sputum suction in critically ill patients. Methods: A total of 100 critically ill patients who received bedside bronchoscopic sputum aspiration in the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College from November 2024 to October 2025 were enrolled in this study. Allocation concealment was implemented using the sealed envelope method, and patients were assigned to an observation group and a control group via the random number table method, with 50 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing intervention, while the observation group received intervention based on the rapid time-effect management mode. The two groups were compared in terms of clinical observation indicators, complication incidence, respiratory function indicators, blood gas analysis indicators, psychological status, self-efficacy and comfort level. Results: After intervention, the operation time, dyspnea recovery time, cough recovery time and hospital stay in the observation group were (20.66±2.84) min, (12.34±1.66) d, (12.38±1.63) d and (23.22±1.96) d respectively, all shorter than those in the control group ((41.48±2.44) min, (20.36±3.34) d, (21.32±3.43) d, (30.94±1.97) d), with statistically significant differences (t=-39.586, -15.193, -16.646, -19.618; all P<0.01).After intervention, the respiratory rate (RR), airway pressure (AP) and tidal volume (TV) in the observation group were (18.34±1.70) breaths/min, (10.54±0.50) mmHg and (8.44±0.50) ml/kg respectively, all better than those in the control group ((22.70±1.17) breaths/min, (8.44±0.50) mmHg, (7.52±0.51) ml/kg), with statistically significant differences (t=-15.305, 20.898, 9.144; all P<0.01).After intervention, the pH value, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) and partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) in the observation group were 7.41±0.04, (78.38±2.19) mmHg, (96.16±1.18) % and (42.44±1.51) mmHg respectively, all better than those in the control group (7.33±0.05, (64.06±2.65) mmHg, (89.84±1.42) %, (51.28±1.94) mmHg), with statistically significant differences (t=8.828, 29.467, 24.175, -25.415; all P<0.01).After intervention, the scores of the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ) in the observation group were (36.32±2.64), (36.08±2.36), (33.44±1.09) and (94.86±3.15) points respectively, all better than those in the control group ((47.50±1.74), (47.22±1.50), (22.92±1.81), (75.08±2.16) points), with statistically significant differences (t=-25.015, -28.129, 35.267, 36.648; all P<0.01).The total incidence of complications in the observation group after intervention was 4.00% (2/50), which was lower than 20.00% (10/50) in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (χ²=4.640, P=0.031). Conclusion: The application of the rapid time-effect management mode in patients undergoing bedside flexible bronchoscopy in PCCM can significantly improve respiratory function, hemodynamics and psychological status, enhance self-efficacy and nursing comfort, help shorten the clinical treatment cycle, and reduce the risk of complications, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Observation on the application effect of auricular point pressing-needle combined with cluster nursing in elderly patients with severe pneumonia

Pan Liqin, Xun Xiaozhu

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  643-647.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260182

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Objective: To explore the application effect of auricular point pressing-needle therapy combined with cluster nursing in elderly patients with severe pneumonia. Methods: A prospective study was conducted. A total of 50 elderly patients with severe pneumonia admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from October 2023 to December 2025 were enrolled and divided into the observation group and the control group by the random number table method, with 25 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing, while the observation group received auricular point pressing-needle therapy combined with cluster nursing intervention on the basis of routine nursing for an intervention period of 14 days. Inflammatory indicators including C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as blood-gas indicators including arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) were detected before intervention and on the 30th day after intervention initiation. Respiratory compliance was evaluated on the 14th day of intervention. Length of hospital stay, intensive care unit (ICU) stay duration and 28-day readmission rate were recorded. Results: After 30-day intervention, the levels of CRP ((8.55±1.09) μg/L) and IL-6 ((15.38±4.52) pg/ml) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ((10.56±1.04) μg/L and (24.93±5.88) pg/ml, respectively), with statistically significant differences (t=6.670, 6.438, both P<0.001). On the 14th day of intervention, complete compliance and partial compliance accounted for 64.0% (16/25) and 36.0% (9/25) in the observation group; complete compliance, partial compliance and non-compliance accounted for 40.0% (10/25), 40.0% (10/25) and 20.0% (5/25) in the control group. The observation group showed better compliance than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (Z=6.437, P=0.040). After 30-day intervention, PaO₂ ((70.69±1.03) mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and SaO₂ ((95.66±1.03) %) in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ((52.66±1.02) mmHg, (88.39±1.06) %); PaCO₂ ((37.56±3.05) mmHg) in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group ((39.52±2.04) mmHg), and the differences were statistically significant (t=62.190, 24.593, 2.670, all P<0.001). The length of hospital stay in the observation group ((14.23±2.15) d) was significantly shorter than that in the control group ((18.56±3.21) d; t=-5.604, P<0.001); the ICU stay duration ((5.12±1.56) d) was significantly shorter than that of the control group ((8.78±2.34) d; t=-6.507, P<0.001); the 28-day readmission rate was 4.0% (1/25), which was markedly lower than 24.0% (6/25) of the control group (χ²=4.153, P=0.042). Conclusion: Auricular point pressing-needle therapy combined with cluster nursing can effectively inhibit inflammatory response, improve respiratory compliance, shorten hospital and ICU stay duration, and reduce readmission risk in elderly patients with severe pneumonia.

Analysis of the effect of acupuncture combined with enhanced recovery after surgery nursing on postoperative pulmonary complications, sputum expectoration and postoperative hospital stay in lung cancer patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery

Li Yuping, Ma Yuting

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  648-652.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260183

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Objective: To explore the clinical value of acupuncture combined with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) nursing in the care of patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer. Methods: A prospective study was conducted. A total of 60 patients with lung cancer receiving thoracoscopic surgery admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from December 2024 to December 2025 were enrolled and divided into observation group and control group by stratified block randomization, with 30 cases in each group. The control group received ERAS nursing alone, while the observation group received additional acupuncture intervention based on the regimen of the control group (main acupoints: Feishu (BL13), Tanzhong (CV17), Tiantu (CV22), Chize (LU5); auxiliary acupoints: Zusanli (ST36), Fenglong (ST40), Neiguan (PC6); once daily from 3 days before surgery to 7 days after surgery). The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, sputum volume and expectoration difficulty score at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after surgery, time to first ambulation after surgery, removal time of closed thoracic drainage tube and postoperative hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Results: The total incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in the observation group was 6.7% (2/30), which was significantly lower than 26.7% (8/30) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=4.320, P=0.037). At 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after surgery, the sputum volume in the observation group ((25.73±3.49) ml, (36.81±4.52) ml, (45.28±5.36) ml, respectively) was significantly higher than that in the control group ((18.42±3.16) ml, (27.65±4.23) ml, (34.16±5.07) ml, respectively), with statistically significant differences (t=8.504, 8.104, 8.255, all P<0.001). The expectoration difficulty scores of the observation group (4.12±0.85, 2.94±0.73, 1.65±0.54, respectively) were significantly lower than those of the control group (7.26±1.14, 5.83±0.96, 3.71±0.82, respectively), and the differences were statistically significant (t=12.095, 13.125, 11.492, all P<0.001). The time to first ambulation, removal time of thoracic drainage tube and postoperative hospital stay in the observation group ((20.43±3.18) h, (3.24±0.51) d, (6.42±0.86) d, respectively) were significantly shorter than those in the control group ((32.16±4.25) h, (4.87±0.62) d, (9.74±1.13) d, respectively), with statistically significant differences (t=12.104, 11.121, 12.805, all P<0.001). Conclusion: Acupuncture combined with ERAS nursing can effectively improve sputum expectoration capacity, reduce the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, accelerate postoperative rehabilitation and shorten hospital stay in patients after thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Comparison of clinical efficacy and safety of short- and long-course caffeine citrate for apnea of prematurity

Yang Qing

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  653-658.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260191

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Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy and short-term safety of short- and long-course caffeine citrate therapy for apnea of prematurity. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort included 90 preterm infants with apnea of prematurity born at 28⁺⁰ to 31⁺⁶ weeks of gestation and admitted to Sanming Second Hospital between January 2022 and December 2025. According to the caffeine discontinuation strategy documented in the medical records, 44 infants were assigned to the short-course group and 46 to the long-course group. Both groups received routine supportive care and caffeine citrate. In the short-course group, caffeine was discontinued after withdrawal of positive-pressure respiratory support and 5 consecutive days without clinically significant apnea; in the long-course group, maintenance treatment was continued until 34 weeks of postmenstrual age. Apnea episodes after treatment, recurrence within 7 days after discontinuation, duration of respiratory support and oxygen therapy, time to full enteral feeding, length of hospital stay, adverse reactions, and major in-hospital morbidities were compared. Results: The numbers of apnea episodes within 24 h, 24-72 h, and after 72 h following medication were (2.48±0.86) episodes/24 h vs. (2.41±0.82) episodes/24 h, (1.11±0.52) episodes/24 h vs. (1.05±0.49) episodes/24 h, and (0.30±0.16) episodes/24 h vs. (0.28±0.15) episodes/24 h in the short-course group and long-course group, respectively, with no statistically significant inter-group differences (t=0.395, P=0.694; t=0.563, P=0.575; t=0.611, P=0.543). The 7-day post-discontinuation recurrence rate was lower in the long-course group than in the short-course group (6.52% (3/46) vs. 22.73% (10/44), χ²=4.779, P=0.029). There were no statistically significant differences between the short-course group and long-course group regarding non-invasive respiratory support duration ((5.92±1.84) days vs. (5.47±1.76) days), oxygen therapy duration ((7.86±2.15) days vs. (7.31±2.04) days), time to achieve full enteral feeding ((15.64±2.37) days vs. (15.18±2.26) days), and length of hospital stay ((24.75±4.83) days vs. (24.09±4.57) days)(t=1.185, P=0.239; t=1.244, P=0.217; t=0.942, P=0.349; t=0.665, P=0.508). The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 15.91% (7/44) in the short-course group and 17.39% (8/46) in the long-course group, without a statistically significant difference (Fisher’s exact test, P=1.000). Conclusion: Long-course caffeine citrate reduced apnea recurrence within 7 days after discontinuation but did not improve respiratory-support, feeding, or hospitalization outcomes.

Effects of early multimodal rehabilitation therapy on patients with severe pneumonia undergoing mechanical ventilation

Chen Yingjin

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  659-664.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260193

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Objective: To explore the clinical effect of early multimodal rehabilitation therapy in patients with severe pneumonia receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. A total of 180 patients with severe pneumonia on mechanical ventilation admitted to the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sanming First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University from May 2022 to August 2025 were enrolled. The patients were divided into observation group and control group according to rehabilitation regimens, with 90 cases in each group. The control group received sputum-expectoration, pneumatic compression therapy and conventional rehabilitation. The observation group was given early multimodal rehabilitation (physical therapy, respiratory training, nutritional support and metabolic regulation, psychological intervention and cognitive rehabilitation) within 24-48 hours after mechanical ventilation. The two groups were compared in terms of General Comfort Questionnaire (GCQ) score, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at intensive care unit (ICU) discharge, duration of analgesic-sedative medication, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, incidences of complications including intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) and delirium, post-ICU syndrome (PICS), and mortality. Results: At ICU discharge, the GCQ score of the observation group was (82.4±2.7) points, which was significantly higher than (69.4±3.2) points of the control group; the PSQI score was (10.3±0.3) points, significantly lower than (14.2±0.4) points of the control group, with statistically significant differences (t=29.744, 81.798, both P<0.001). The duration of analgesic-sedative medication ((22.3±1.3) h), duration of mechanical ventilation ((46.3±1.3) h) and length of ICU stay ((8.4±2.3) d) in the observation group were all significantly shorter than those in the control group ((42.1±1.3) h, (68.4±1.3) h, (13.3±2.3) d respectively), with statistically significant differences (t=102.590, 114.200, 14.330, all P<0.001). The incidence of ICU-AW in the observation group was 13.3% (12/90), significantly lower than 36.7% (33/90) in the control group (χ²=13.067, P<0.001); the incidence of delirium was 6.7% (6/90), significantly lower than 16.7% (15/90) in the control group (χ²=4.367, P=0.037); the incidence of 48-hour ICU readmission was 3.3% (3/90), significantly lower than 16.7% (15/90) in the control group (χ²=8.889, P=0.003). The incidence of PICS in the control group was 53.3% (48/90), which was significantly higher than that in the observation group (33.3% (30/90))(χ²=7.330, P=0.007). Conclusion: For patients with severe pneumonia receiving mechanical ventilation, early multimodal rehabilitation therapy can improve patients’ comfort and sleep quality, shorten the duration of analgesic-sedative medication, mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, and reduce the incidence of complications, which possesses favorable clinical application value.

Review Articles

Research progress on adrenal insufficiency associated with adrenal tuberculosis

Li Yingying, Ren Yan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  665-672.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260062

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Adrenal tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis often destroys bilateral adrenal tissues, leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease). The disease has an insidious onset with non-specific early manifestations, which frequently results in missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Advanced disease may trigger severe complications such as electrolyte disturbance and adrenal crisis. Early identification and standardized diagnosis and treatment are critical to improving patient prognosis. This paper systematically reviews research advances regarding the epidemiological profile, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, key points for diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies of adrenal tuberculosis. It also highlights current limitations in this field, including insufficient mechanistic elucidation, lack of early diagnostic biomarkers, and immature individualized treatment regimens. Prospects for future basic research, optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, and long-term patient management are further discussed, providing references for clinical practice and related scientific research on this disease.

Clinical value and research progress of urinary lipoarabinomannan detection in the diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis

Pan Lihua, Zhan Lu

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  673-678.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260093

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Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a cell wall component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, can be noninvasively excreted in urine, making it suitable as a valuable diagnostic tool for pediatric tuberculosis, particularly in children from whom sputum specimens are difficult to obtain. In recent years, LAM detection technologies have continued to evolve, although their diagnostic accuracy varies considerably among different subgroups of children with tuberculosis. This systematic review comprehensively examines the biological basis, detection methods, diagnostic performance (including in HIV-positive and HIV-negative children and other pediatric subgroups), and recent advances in the clinical application progress of urinary LAM testing for pediatric tuberculosis. It aims to summarize the existing evidence, explore its comparison and strategies for integrating LAM detection with molecular diagnostic approaches, and outline its clinical limitations and remaining controversies, thereby providing a reference for optimizing noninvasive diagnostic strategies for pediatric tuberculosis.

Research progress on prevention and control strategies for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Jiang Ping, Li Tianju, Kang Guanghong, Xiang Mingque

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  679-686.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260125

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Approximately one quarter of global population, nearly two billion individuals, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) accounting for the majority of cases. However, there are no direct diagnostic methods for LTBI, and the major diagnostic assays like tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) have notable limitations. Deficiencies in LTBI screening, strict treatment indications, and poor treatment adherence constitute three major challenges confronting current tuberculosis prevention and control, which severely hamper the effectiveness of disease prevention and management. Therefore, developing additional detection modalities to accurately evaluate infection status and predict disease onset risk, coupled with continuous optimization of therapeutic regimens to improve treatment adherence, represent the key to breaking through bottlenecks in tuberculosis prevention and control. Based on latest evidence-based medical data and internationally authoritative guidelines, the authors systematically reviewed advances in LTBI diagnosis and management in alignment with the global End TB Strategy, and further discussed clinical implementation and optimized approaches of LTBI prevention and control, intending to provide theoretical foundation and practical reference for ending global tuberculosis epidemic.

Mobile health technology for improving treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients: a review

Zhang Yuhao, Wang Dan, Wang Shuhan, Li Chen, Zheng Chanjuan, Tang Wenjie, Yang Yide, Gong Fanghua

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  687-693.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260059

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious causes of death worldwide, and China is among the 30 high-burden TB countries globally. Poor treatment adherence constitutes a critical contributor to TB recurrence and transmission. Although the conventional directly observed treatment (DOT) delivered by healthcare workers is effective, its full-scale implementation in resource-limited settings is hindered by massive manpower costs, transportation expenses and disease-related stigma. At present, mobile health technology opens up a novel avenue to improve treatment adherence among TB patients. This paper conducts a literature review on multiple mobile health interventions for enhancing TB treatment adherence, including SMS medication reminders, video-based directly observed treatment, telephone supervision, medication monitoring systems, mobile application-guided supervision and wireless observed therapy, so as to provide evidence-based recommendations for domestic TB prevention and control.

Research status and progress of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia from the perspective of Six-Meridian syndrome differentiation

Ju Ya, Qin Wenlei, Wu Liqin, Shan Zhenzhu, Gao Guangfei

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  694-699.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260117

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a common community-acquired pneumonia in clinical practice. In recent years, the macrolide resistance rate has continued to rise, and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy has attracted increasing attention. At present, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome differentiation for MPP is dominated by defense-qi-nutrient-blood syndrome differentiation and zang-fu syndrome differentiation, while the systematic application of Six-Meridian syndrome differentiation in MPP remains in its initial stage. The authors systematically review the theoretical connotation of Six-Meridian syndrome differentiation and its application basis in acute respiratory febrile diseases, summarize the distribution patterns of mainstream TCM syndromes in MPP and the research progress of classical prescription (Jingfang) therapy, analyze the theoretical basis and practical exploration of introducing Six-Meridian syndrome differentiation into MPP, point out the deficiencies of current studies in theoretical construction, clinical evidence, and standardization of syndrome differentiation, and propose future research directions, aiming to provide a reference for establishing the Six-Meridian syndrome differentiation system for MPP and promoting integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment.

The role and clinical value of inflammation factors in non-small cell lung cancer

Li Jingjing, Lu Nihong, Yang Yan

Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(5):  700-707.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260089

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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for more than 80% of all lung cancer cases and ranks as the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the tumor microenvironment, dysregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines serves as a core driver of immunosuppression and therapeutic resistance, and such dysregulated cytokine networks further facilitate tumor initiation and progression. Based on the latest research advances on inflammatory cytokines and tumor progression, this review systematically summarizes the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of nine key cytokines involved in NSCLC. Classified by their functional characteristics and biological roles, this review further elaborates the action mechanisms of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, interleukin-12p70, interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-α and interferon-γ. In-depth analysis of the context-dependent regulatory patterns of these cytokines not only facilitates the identification of candidate biomarkers for predicting response and adverse events to immune checkpoint inhibitors, but also lays a theoretical foundation for the development of novel combination strategies targeting specific signaling axes.