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Table of Content

    20 April 2026, Volume 7 Issue 2
    Guideline·Standard·Consensus
    Expert consensus on therapy and drug monitoring clinical application of anti-tuberculosis drug (updated in 2025)
    Pharmaceutical Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  131-151.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20262003
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    Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a method to develop individualized dosing regimens for patients based on the measurement of drug exposure pharmacological biomarkers, or efficacy indicators in the body, using quantitative pharmacological models and taking the drug treatment window as the benchmark. Its core is individualized drug therapy. In order to further guide and standardize the TDM work of anti-tuberculosis drugs in Chinese medical institutions, ensuring scientific rigor, ethical practice, and standardized procedures for maximal patient benefit, Pharmaceutical Professional Branch of Chinese Antituberculosis Association, in conjunction with Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute systematically updated the indications, monitoring methods, dose adjustment, and application in special populations of TDM on the basis of the 2021 Expert consensus on clinical application of therapeutic drug monitoring for anti-tuberculosis drugs. This consensus is registered on the international practice guidelines platform, and the formulation process follows the principles of methodology. Drawing on the collaborative expertise of tuberculosis pharmaceutical and clinical experts, along with the latest evidence-based research and practical experience, this consensus will provide scientific and feasible guidance for the clinical implementation of TDM.

    Interpretation of Standards
    Key updates and interpretations of the 2026 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report
    Liu Yidian, Yuan Xuefang, Long Yingjiao
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  152-155.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250209
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    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common preventable and treatable chronic airway disease. The updated Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2026 (GOLD 2026) focuses on early screening and dynamic precise assessment, aligning more closely with clinical practice. For the first time, it includes a dedicated chapter on artificial intelligence empowerment, providing guidance for the implementation of whole-life-cycle management of COPD. The author herein reviews the key updates in GOLD 2026, aiming to facilitate a better understanding of the rationale and direction behind the guideline revisions, thereby informing clinical practice and future research directions.

    Special Topic
    Research progress and clinical challenges in post-tuberculosis lung disease
    Ma Zhiming
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  156-161.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260008
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    Tuberculosis remains the single infectious disease with the highest mortality rate globally. Approximately 30% to 50% of tuberculosis patients will develop post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) after treatment, and the incidence of PTLD is higher in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. PTLD can manifest as chronic respiratory abnormalities, leading to complications such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), imposing a heavy burden on public health systems. Focusing on the heterogeneity and precision management of PTLD subtypes, this article elaborates on the definition and classification of PTLD, and analyzes major subtypes including airway lesions, pulmonary parenchymal lesions, pulmonary vascular lesions, complications and comorbidities, as well as PTLD in children and adolescents. The pathological mechanisms involve interactions between host immune responses, pathogen residues, and environmental factors. Diagnostic methods encompass imaging, pulmonary function assessment, and biomarker detection. Breakthroughs have been made in treatment and rehabilitation strategies including pulmonary rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy, and preventive measures. However, PTLD still faces issues such as inconsistent diagnostic criteria and evaluation systems, imperfect diagnosis and treatment strategies for subtypes, weak research on subtype-related mechanisms, and insufficient research on special populations and comorbidities. In the future, it is necessary to focus on the application of AI large model (specialized all-in-one machine) technology, increase investment in public health, clarify the orientation of scientific research, and improve the precision management system around subtype heterogeneity, so as to improve the prognosis of PTLD patients.

    Original Articles
    Analysis of spatial heterogeneity and risk factors of tuberculosis in schools in Xuhui District, Shanghai from 2011 to 2024
    Su Qing, Zhang Sainan, Zhan He, Cai Xiaofeng, Zhang Shuang, Zhang Boshu, Yang Meixia
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  162-170.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250117
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    Objective: To determine the high-risk hotspots and spatial risk factors of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) incidence in schools in Xuhui District of Shanghai, to provide scientific evidence for implementing regional and location-based precise prevention and control, rationally allocating health resources, and improving the PTB prevention and control strategy in schools. Methods: To collect data regarding the reported incidence of schools in Xuhui District of Shanghai from 2011 to 2024 from the “Tuberculosis Surveillance Report Information Management System”, a subsystem of the “China Disease Prevention and Control Information System”, and combine it with the real-time school PTB data registered by staff of Xuhui District Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2018 to 2024. We adopted spatial auto-correlation and kernel density analysis and Bayesian methods to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of school PTB incidence in Xuhui District, and to depict hot spots of PTB incidence, as well as spatial distributions. Results: A total of 344 PTB cases were reported in Xuhui District from 2011 to 2024, aged mainly 16-26 years old. The annural average reported incidence rate was 13.43 per 100000. 88.95% (306/344) were college students, 37.50% (129/344) had patient delay. Kernel density and local spatial autocorrelation analysis found that Lingyun, Fenglin, Kangjian, and Changqiao Streets were high-incidence areas of tuberculosis. The number of reported cases were 107 cases (31.10%, 107/344), 61 cases (17.73%, 61/344), 38 cases (11.05%, 38/344), and 23 cases (6.69%, 23/344) respectively. The hot-spot areas of incidence were the southwestern part of Xuhui District (Lingyun, Changqiao, and Kangjian Streets, with annual average incidence rates of 31.79 per 100000, 31.51 per 100000, and 30.45 per 100000, respectively), and no cold-spot areas were detected. The density of population of college students (OR=1.357, 95%CI:1.179-1.538) was risk factor for the incidence of PTB in schools in Xuhui District. Conclusion: There is spatial heterogeneity in the incidence of PTB in schools in Xuhui District. The areas with a high incidence of PTB are Lingyun, Fenglin, Kangjian, and Changqiao Streets, and the hotspots are mainly distributed in Lingyun, Changqiao and Huajing Streets. The density of population of college students is spatial influencing factors of PTB incidence in schools.

    Analysis of latent status and influencing factors among close contacts of 289 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis
    Dong Binran, Qi Wei
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  171-178.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250167
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    Objective: To analyze the status of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among close contacts of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and to identify associated risk factors, thereby providing scientific evidence for formulating screening strategies and intervention measures for close contacts. Methods: In accordance with the enrollment criteria, close contacts of patients with active PTB who were newly diagnosed and registered for treatment at the Tianjin Center for Tuberculosis Control and Prevention in 2024 were recruited as research subjects. The data of the subjects were collected from the Surveillance Report Management System, a subsystem of the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the initial diagnosis registration system of the outpatient department. A total of 289 close contacts were confirmed based on medical records and the outpatient registration data. Relevant information on demographic characteristics, duration of exposure, number of contacts, and tuberculin skin test results was collected using structured questionnaires and “PPD registration book”. Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of LTBI. Results: Among the 289 close contacts, 201 cases were diagnosed with LTBI, with an LTBI prevalence of 69.55%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that close contacts aged 30-59 years (OR=4.337, 95%CI: 1.609-11.687), spouse of the index patients (OR=2.471, 95%CI: 1.020-5.989) and the bacteriologically positive index cases (OR=2.249, 95%CI: 1.165-4.342) were independent risk factors for LTBI among close contacts. Conclusion: Close contacts are the key target population for LTBI screening. Priority should be given to close contacts aged 30-59 years, and the spouses of the index patients, and those with long-term exposure to bacteriologically positive tuberculosis patients. Targeted prevention and control interventions should be implemented in a timely manner.

    Health economics analysis of lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography in non-smoking women based on a decision tree-Markov model
    Liu Lingli, Yang Yarui, Qin Ziling, Guo Xujun, Zhong Tao, Fan Yuzheng, He Juan, Liu Jun, Xu Mingming, Liu Shengyuan
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  179-185.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250199
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    Objective: To evaluate the health economic value of lung cancer screening strategies in non-smoking women based on a decision-tree Markov model, to identify the optimal screening strategy to guide policy-making for lung cancer screening. Methods: A decision-tree Markov model for lung cancer screening strategies in non-smoking women aged 50-74 years was constructed using TreeAge Pro 2022 software. The parameters included epidemiological data (incidence and mortality rates), disease transition probabilities, screening and diagnostic performance parameters (modality, starting age, and screening interval), costs and health utility values. These parameters were derived from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report, the China Population Census Yearbook 2020, the 2018 China Adult Tobacco Survey Report, and high-quality published literature from both domestic and international sources. Then simulations were conducted for 100000 individuals each undergoing various low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening strategies (screening group) and those not receiving any lung cancer screening (non-screening group). Cost-utility analysis (including indicators such as 2021 gross domestic product (GDP), willingness to pay (WTP), incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR), quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and life years (LY)) and sensitivity analysis were subsequently performed. Results: Among the lung cancer screening strategies evaluated, all 12 single LDCT screening strategies demonstrated higher per-capita costs (range: 3355.64-10761.40 yuan) compared with the 12 strategies combining the NCC-LCm2021 model with LDCT (range: 1580.48-3287.68 yuan). The annual single LDCT screening strategy for the population aged 50-74 years had the highest per-capita cost (10761.40 yuan), while the strategy of conducting NCC-LCm2021 combined with LDCT screening every 5 years for the population aged 60-74 years had the lowest per capita cost (1580.48 yuan). When applying a three times the per-capita GDP (2021 year: 242928 yuan) as the WTP threshold, all screening strategies exhibited cost-utility advantages, with ICUR ranging from 69965.507 yuan/QALY to 158106.667 yuan/QALY. The annual single LDCT screening for the 50-74 years age group was the most cost-effective strategy, yielding 17.173 LY and 16.062 QALY, with an ICUR of approximately 69965.507 yuan/QALY. Sensitivity analysis showed that the ICUR value of generated between 1 and 3 times of the per capita GDP (2021 year) threshold, and the probability of having a cost-effectiveness advantage was 92%. Conclusion: The NCC-LCm2021 model combined with LDCT for lung cancer screening in non-smoking women incurs lower per-capita costs than single LDCT screening. However, with 3 times the per-capita GDP as the WTP threshold, annual single LDCT screening for the population aged 50-74 years represents the most cost-effective strategy, and has good robustness. Therefore, this strategy is recommended as the priority strategy for lung cancer screening in non-smoking women.

    Burden and trends of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis in China from 1990 to 2021
    Zeng Chunmei, Song Chang, Jian Shasha, Lu Qingxia, Liu Dongmei, Zhu Qingdong, Zhao Chunyan
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  186-193.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250151
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    Objective: To analyze the disease burden and trends of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) in China from 1990 to 2021, and to provide evidence for the development of prevention and control strategies. Methods: With data on the prevalence, mortality, incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as well as the relevant rates of ILD and PS in China from 1990 to 2021 available from the Global Burden of Disease Study database, the disease burden and growing trends were described. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyze the trends from 1990 to 2021 and to project the trend from 2022 to 2040. Results: The number of deaths increased from 2955 in 1990 to 7674 in 2021, and the mortality rate rose from 0.25 per 100000 to 0.54 per 100000. The total DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) increased from 112642 in 1990 to 222288 in 2021, and the DALYs rate rose from 9.57 per 100000 to 15.62 per 100000. The number of cases increased from 18993 in 1990 to 48514 in 2021, and the incidence rate rose from 1.61 per 100000 to 3.41 per 100000. The number of prevalent cases increased from 254708 in 1990 to 628383 in 2021, and the prevalence rate rose from 21.65 per 100000 to 44.17 per 100000. Projections indicated that mortality rates and DALYs were expected to decline in almost all age groups, while incidence and prevalence rates were projected to rise in the population aged 75 and above. Conclusion: From 1990 to 2021, the disease burden of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis in China increased significantly, with key indicators showing an upward trend and the burden shifting toward older populations.

    Epidemiological characteristics and the incidence trend prediction of pulmonary tuberculosis in Tai’an City, Shandong Province, 2014—2024
    Wang Ruihua, Yang Yuqing, Zhang Hongchang, Xiao Wenqian, Cheng Ling
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  194-202.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250212
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    Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Tai’an City, Shandong Province, from 2014 to 2024, a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model and a Prophet model were established to predict the PTB notification trend, thereby providing a scientific basis for the formulation of future prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data on PTB cases in Tai’an City from 2014 to 2024 were collected through the TB Information Management System, a subsystem of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed, and both SARIMA and Prophet models were established to analyze and predict the PTB notification trend. Results: The average annual notification rate of PTB in Tai’an City from 2014 to 2024 was 25.66 per 100000 population (15820 cases), showing an overall downward trend (${\chi }_{trend}^{2}$=2043.193, P<0.001). The notification rate was 45.60 per 100000 (2564 cases) in 2014 and 18.85 per 100000 (1008 cases) in 2024, with an average annual decline rate of 8.45% ((1-$\sqrt[10]{\frac{18.85/100000}{45.60/100000}}$)×100%). The notified cases were concentrated in December, accounting for 9.26% (1465/15820) of the total, while the fewest cases were reported in February, accounting for 6.45% (1020/15820). High-incidence areas included Dongping County (32.90/100000, 2772 cases) and Ningyang County (29.65/100000, 2538 cases). Most notified patients were male, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.94∶1 (11808∶4012), and the notification rate in males (37.61/100000) was significantly higher than that in females (13.03/100000), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=336.950, P<0.001). The age group of 55-64 years accounted for the largest proportion of cases (20.34%, 3217/15820), while the 0-14 years group accounted for the smallest proportion (0.56%, 89/15820). The SARIMA (0,1,1)(1,1,0)12 model and the Prophet model were established using monthly notified PTB case data, demonstrated a good fit with the historical data. The SARIMA model predicted an increase in the number of notified PTB cases in 2025 (1249 cases) compared with 2024 (1008 cases), with a predicted peak in May (125 cases) and a trough in November (88 cases). In contrast, the Prophet model predicted a declining trend in 2025 (849 cases) compared with 2024 (1008 cases), with a predicted peak in December (95 cases) and a trough in February (65 cases). Error analysis indicated that the predictive accuracy of the Prophet model (15.26%) was better than that of the SARIMA model (19.29%). Thus, the Prophet model performed better in capturing temporal distribution characteristics and achieved higher prediction precision. Conclusion: The notification rate of PTB in Tai’an City showed an overall downward trend from 2014 to 2024. It is recommended to strengthen TB screening and health education for high-risk groups such as those aged 55-64 years, as well as in high-incidence areas including Dongping County and Ningyang County. The Prophet model performed better than the SARIMA model in predicting the PTB notification trend in Tai’an City. Based on the predictions of the Prophet model, it is recommended that Tai’an City prioritize enhanced PTB surveillance and health education resources deployment in advance in late autumn, so as to shift the prevention and control mode from passive response to active intervention and improve overall effectiveness.

    Meta-analysis of influencing factors for patients with diabetes mellitus and in latent tuberculosis infection
    Qian Mengni, Lu Nihong, Du Yingrong
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  203-210.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250136
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    Objective: To systematically review the influencing factors of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients complicated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and provide a reference basis for subsequent basic and clinical research. Methods: Computerized searches were performed in the Excerpta Medica Database, Medline Biomedical Literature Database, Cochrane Library Database, China Journal Full-text Database, Wanfang Medical Network, and VIP Database, with retrieval periods ranging from the establishment of each database to February 22, 2025. Two trained and qualified researchers independently performed literature searches, quality assessments, and data extraction. Meta-analysis was conducted using R 4.4.3 software. Results: A total of 9 studies were included, involving 3972 cases. The results of Meta-analysis showed that: a household size ≥5 members (OR=1.691, 95%CI: 1.201-2.381), current smoking (OR=1.618, 95%CI: 1.168-2.241), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) >7.0% (OR=1.503, 95%CI: 1.125-2.008) were risk factors for DM patients complicated with LTBI. Conclusion: Household size ≥5 members, current smoking, and glycated hemoglobin >7.0% are risk factors for DM patients complicated with LTBI. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen health education and awareness for individuals with DM complicated with LTBI, along with accurate identification and targeted interventions for the influencing factors, and to promptly adopt preventive and interventional measures.

    Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Mycobacterium vaccinae in the adjunctive therapy of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis
    Xu Gang, Wang Reqin, Li Jianghong, Yang Qi, Qiao Xiaowei
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  211-220.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250201
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    Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Mycobacterium vaccinae in the adjuvant treatment of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: The China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang data base, VIP data base, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Embase were searched for randomized controlled trials on Mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunctive therapy for elderly pulmonary tuberculosis conducted in China from January 1998 to December 2024. Two reviewers screened the literature and used the Cochrane risk of bias tool to evaluate the methodological quality of the included studies. Results: One hundred and thirty-two randomized controlled clinical trial publications were initially retrieved. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 articles were finally included, including 2291 subjects. Among these, 1177 subjects received Mycobacterium vaccae as an adjunctive therapy (experimental group), while 1114 subjects did not (control group). The meta-analysis results showed that the sputum culture conversion rate at the 2nd month (76.41% (758/992)), sputum culture conversion rate at the end of treatment (91.92% (831/904)), lesion absorption/improvement rate (84.87% (909/1071)), and cavity closure rate (65.37% (402/615)) were significantly superior to those in the control group (55.66% (531/954), 77.28% (670/867), 63.92% (645/1009), 45.36% (264/582), respectively). The relative risk ratios (RR (95%CI)) for failure to achieve conversion/mprovement/cavity closure were 1.39 (1.27-1.53), 1.23 (1.05-1.42), 1.33 (1.21-1.45), and 1.42 (1.28-1.56), respectively. The incidence of adverse reactions in the expremental group (11.62% (76/654)) was significantly higher than that in the control group (8.00% (50/625)), with a relative risk (RR (95%CI)) of 1.47 (1.09-1.97)). Conclusion: Mycobacterium vaccae has a good adjunctive therapeutic effect in elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Further high-quality randomized controlled clinical trials are recommended to determine the optimal duration dosage and potential drug interactions.

    The application value of GeneXpert MTB/RIF testing in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis and the detection of rifampin resistance
    Wei Daijue, Sun Jianjun, Tong Chongxiang
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  221-226.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250203
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    Objective: To evaluate the application value of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy and the detection of rifampicin resistance. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Pleural effusion samples were collected from 547 patients with pleurisy admitted to Lanzhou Pulmonary Hospital between January 2023 and June 2025. All samples were subjected to GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay, acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy, rapid liquid culture of mycobacterium, PCR-TB-DNA, and PCR-TB-RNA. Using the final clinical diagnosis as reference standard, the diagnostic performances of the five assays for tuberculous pleurisy was assessed. With phenotypic drug susceptibility testing as reference, the efficacy of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in detecting rifampicin resistance was analyzed. Results: Among the 547 patients with pleurisy, 300 were clinically diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy and 247 with non-tuberculous pleurisy. Taking clinical diagnosis as reference, the sensitivities of GeneXpert MTB/RIF, acid-fast bacilli smear, rapid liquid culture, PCR-TB-DNA, and PCR-TB-RNA were 28.67% (86/300), 2.67% (8/300), 11.00% (33/300), 9.00% (27/300), and 7.33% (22/300), respectively; the specificities were all 100.00% (247/247); the positive predictive values were 100.00% (86/86), 100.00% (8/8), 100.00% (33/33), 100.00% (27/27), and 100.00% (22/22), respectively; the negative predictive values were 53.58% (247/461), 45.83% (247/539), 48.05% (247/514), 47.50% (247/520), and 47.05% (247/525), respectively; the accuracies were 60.88% (333/547), 46.62% (255/547), 51.19% (280/547), 50.09% (274/547), and 49.18% (269/547), respectively; and the areas under curve (AUCs) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) were 0.64, 0.51, 0.56, 0.46, and 0.45, respectively. GeneXpert MTB/RIF showed higher sensitivity, negative predictive value, accuracy, and AUC than the other four assays. Compared with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing, 22 cases showed consistent rifampicin resistance results by GeneXpert MTB/RIF, while 1 case was identified as rifampicin-sensitive by GeneXpert MTB/RIF but resistant by phenotypic testing. Kappa test revealed high consistency between the two methods(Kappa=0.881). Conclusion: GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay demonstrates low sensitivity but high specificity in the early diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. Meanwhile, it shows strong consistency with phenotypic drug susceptibility testing in detecting rifampicin resistance, and can serve as a rapid and effective tool for the detection of rifampicin resistance in tuberculous pleurisy.

    The effect of multidisciplinary treatment integrated N-wing nursing combined with familial compound music therapy on neonatal pneumonia
    Jiang Liying, Guan Yurong, Li Hong
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  227-232.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260035
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    Objective: To observe the effect of multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) integrated N-wing nursing combined with familial compound music therapy on neonatal pneumonia cases. Methods: A total of 90 cases of neonatal pneumonia admitted to Putian Children’s Hospital from January to December 2024 were selected as observation samples. Random number table method was used to implement grouping treatment. The experimental group received MDT intervention, while the control group received nursing following routine neonatal pneumonia nursing model, their stress scores, nutritional indicators, blood gas indicators, and disease control effect indicators were compared between the two groups after intervention. Results: The stress score of the experimental group was (4.02±1.40) points, lower than that of the control group ((5.69±1.50) points; t=-5.316,P<0.001). The nutritional indicators such as prealbumin, daily milk intake, and body mass gain were (22.82±1.99) mg/dl, (338.56±15.07) ml, and (144.33±5.89) g, respectively, higher than that of the control group ((18.91±1.22) mg/dl, (319.53±11.27) ml, (127.56±8.89) g; t=11.229, 6.781, 10.551, Ps<0.001). The blood gas indictors such as blood oxygen saturation, arterial oxygen partial pressure, and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure were (98.09±0.63) %, (70.04±2.19) mmHg, (34.27±2.03) mmHg, higher than that of the control group ((96.09±0.87) %, (67.56±1.79) mmHg, (39.58±2.70) mmHg; t=12.427, 5.894, ―10.550, Ps<0.001). The disease control effect indicators such as cough, fever, sputum, wheezing symptom disappearance time, and hospitalization time were (7.07±1.03) d, (5.38±1.13) d, (2.29±0.59) d, (3.47±0.97) d, and (9.13±1.04) d, respectively, shorter than that of the control group ((9.16±1.15) d, (6.84±1.21) d, (3.40±0.91) d, (4.62±0.81) d, (12.09±1.29) d; t=―9.083, ―5.946, ―6.853, ―6.156, ―11.964, Ps<0.001). Conclusion: MDT integrated N-wing nursing combined with familial compound music therapy for intervention in neonatal pneumonia cases can lower children’s stress level, improve their nutrition and blood gas status, and accelerate their recovery progress.

    Evaluation of the practical effectiveness of the 3N quality control circle in improving outpatient nursing satisfaction
    Chen Lifang
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  233-238.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260018
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    Objective: To explore the practical effect of applying the 3N quality control circle tool in improving outpatient nursing satisfaction, and to provide a reference for clinical nursing quality improvement. Methods: A 3N quality control circle was established in the Outpatient Department of Qingpu Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University in March 2025. The period from March 18th to 31st, 2025 was set as the pre-implementation stage, and period from June 30th to July 13th, 2025 as post-implementation. A total of 50 patients were included in each stage, serving as the control group and the observation, respectively. The changes in outpatient nursing satisfaction, the proportion of patients who considered there were deficiencies in the core items, and other related indicator before and after the implementation were compared. Results: Compared with before the implementation, the satisfaction rate of outpatient care increased from 80.0% (40/50) to 98.0% (49/50) after the implementation of 3N quality control circle. The proportion of patients who considered that there were deficiencies in the core items (polite nurse service; affability nurse’s language; nurse’s ability to answer questions; practical and effective health education content in the outpatient clinic; nurse’s operational proficiency, ability to care for patients’ feelings, and protect patients’ privacy) were significantly reduced (pre-implementation: 40.0% (20/50), 32.0% (16/50), 30.0% (15/50), 16.0% (8/50), 12.0% (6/50); post-implementation: 10.0% (5/50), 6.0% (3/50), 4.0% (2/50), 0 (0/50), 0 (0/50)). The differences were statistically significant (χ2 values were 12.000, 10.981, 11.977, 8.696, 6.667, P values were 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, 0.003, 0.010). In terms of intangible achievements (team spirit, sense of responsibility and honor, activity confidence, professional knowledge, communication and coordination, application of quality control methods), the circle members showed significant improvement (pre-implementation scores: 3.30±0.42, 3.12±0.51, 2.74±0.61, 3.24±0.51, 3.22±0.61, 2.41±0.52; post-implementation scores: 4.54±0.51, 4.67±0.21, 4.51±0.20, 4.60±0.22, 4.72±0.20, 4.42±0.31), the differences were statistically significant (t values were 12.450, 18.641, 18.289, 16.242, 15.499, 22.023, all P<0.001). Conclusion: The practical effect of the 3N quality control circle in enhancing the satisfaction of outpatient care is quite satisfactory. In the future, the improvement dimensions of the quality control circle can be expanded, a long-term monitoring mechanism for nursing quality can be established, and the outpatient nursing service process can be continuously optimized. Meanwhile, routine training on the application of regular quality control tools by the nursing team can be strengthened to continuously improve the quality of outpatient care.

    Impact of multidimensional nursing mode on ventilation duration and nasal septum pressure injury in neonates with pneumonia receiving non-invasive ventilation
    Xu Qing, Ma Hanying, Qiu Yue
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  239-243.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250202
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    Objective: To analyze the clinical effects of multidimensional nursing mode on shortening ventilation duration and reducing the incidence of nasal septum pressure injuries in neonates with pneumonia receiving non-invasive ventilation (NIV). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Based on the inclusion criteria, 61 neonates with pneumonia who received routine NIV nursing at Putian Children’s Hospital from June to November 2024 were enrolled as the Routine Nursing Group, and another 59 neonates with pneumonia who received routine nursing combined with a multidimensional nursing mode from December 2024 to July 2025 were enrolled as the Multidimensional Nursing Group. The two groups were compared in terms of NIV duration, incidence of pressure injuries to the nasal septum skin, length of hospital stay, and improvements in blood gas analysis indicators (including arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)). Results: After nursing intervention, the total NIV duration (68.00 (52.00, 89.50) h) and length of hospital stay ((13.92±3.15) d) in the Multidimensional Group was significantly shorter than those in the Routine Nursing Group (98.50 (72.00, 124.30) h and (16.45±3.82) d, respectively), and the incidence of nasal septum pressure injuries was significantly lower in the Multidimensional Group (3.39% (2/59) vs. 21.31% (13/61)), the differences were statistically significant (Z=-3.825, P<0.001; t=3.951, P<0.001; χ2=8.807, P=0.003). Furthermore, the levels of PaO2 and PaO2/FiO2 in the Multidimensional Nursing Group ((81.46±9.02) mmHg and (268.92±32.40) mmHg, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the Routine Nursing Group ((72.35±8.54) mmHg and (235.68±30.15) mmHg), while the PaCO2 level ((40.05±4.87) mmHg) was significantly lower than that in the Routine Nursing Group ((45.18±5.23) mmHg). All differences were statistically significant (t=5.683, 5.820, 5.556, respectively; all P<0.001). Conclusion: Implementing a multidimensional nursing mode in neonates with pneumonia undergoing NIV can effectively shorten ventilation duration, significantly reduce the risk of nasal septum pressure injuries, and better improve oxygenation function. Therefore, it is recommanded as an effective clinical nursing strategy.

    Application effect of family education-environment improvement nursing combined with scenario games in children with bronchial asthma
    Chen Liping, Chen Shuhua, Xie Tingting
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  244-248.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250184
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    Objective: To evaluate the application effect of family education-environment improvement nursing combined with scenario games in children with bronchial asthma. Methods: Refered to the enrollment criteria, a total of 84 pediatric patients with bronchial asthma admitted to The First Hospital of Putian City from April 2023 to December 2024 were enrolled and randomly divided into a control group (42 cases, receiving routine nursing) and an observation group (42 cases, receiving additional family education-environmental improvement nursing combined with scenario-based games). Psychological status (assessed by the Child Medical Fear Scale (CMFS) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)), treatment compliance, Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) scores, average nebulization duration, recurrence rate, and parental satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results: After the intervention, CMFS and SCARED scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ((17.29±1.73) vs. (29.68±2.70) and (18.85±2.07) vs. (22.25±2.24), respectively; t=25.040, 7.224, both P<0.001), while the total C-ACT score was significantly higher ((24.12±2.40) vs. (20.23±2.05); t=7.987, P<0.001). The average nebulization duration in the observation group was significantly shorter than that in the control group ((15.45±1.77) min vs. (22.65±2.16) min; t=16.709, P<0.001). Total treatment compliance (92.86% (39/42) vs.76.19% (32/42); χ2=4.459, P=0.035) and overall parental satisfaction (97.62% (41/42) vs. 78.57% (33/42); χ2=7.265, P=0.007) were significantly higher, and the recurrence rate was significantly lower (9.52% (4/42) vs. 30.95% (13/42); χ2=5.974, P=0.015) in the observation group. Conclusion: The combination of family education-environmental improvement nursing combined with scenario games can alleviate anxiety and fear in children with bronchial asthma, enhance treatment compliance and asthma control effectiveness, shorten nebulization duration, reduce disease recurrence rate, and improve parental satisfaction, suggesting its clinical value.

    The effect of rehabilitation breathing exercise guided by interesting videos on pulmonary function and treatment compliance in children with bronchopneumonia
    Chen Shuhua, Zheng Xiaohua
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  249-254.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260037
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    Objective: To investigate the effect of rehabilitation breathing exercise guided by interesting videos on pulmonary function and treatment compliance in children with bronchopneumonia. Methods: Retrospectively, 65 children with bronchopneumonia admitted to the First Hospital of Putian City, Fujian Province from August 2023 to July 2024 were selected as control group, and 70 children with bronchopneumonia admitted to the same hospital from August 2024 to July 2025 were selected as observation group. Children in the control group received routine nursing care for bronchopneumonia, while those in the observation group were given rehabilitation breathing exercise training guided by interesting videos on the basis of routine nursing care applied to the control group. Both groups received continuous nursing care for 2 weeks. Their emotional states were assessed by the scale of Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Data were collected by trained medical staff through one-on-one interviews combined with observation of the children’s performances (guardians assisted in the evaluation for young children) before nursing intervention and 2 weeks after nursing intervention. Treatment compliance was assessed by a self-designed scale adapted from the Frankl Scale, and data was collected 2 weeks after nursing intervention through the observation of medical staff, communication with children and their parents, and reference to guardian feedback. The relief time of clinical symptoms (fever resolution time, cough relief time, relief time of pulmonary rales), pulmonary function indicators (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF)), emotional state and nursing compliance were recorded before and after nursing intervention in both groups. Results: After nursing intervention, the average FVC ((83.34±9.35) L), FEV1 ((80.48±9.36) L), PEF ((186.74±39.49) L/min) and the proportion of children with good compliance (87.14% (61/70)) in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ((76.89±8.37) L, (73.65±8.23) L, (162.45±35.45) L/min, 66.15% (43/65); t=4.211, P<0.001; t=4.488, P<0.001; t=3.750, P<0.001; χ2=2.830, P=0.005). The average fever resolution time ((3.63±1.53) d), cough relief time ((5.28±1.12) d), relief time of pulmonary rales ((5.01±1.17) d) and anxiety score ((26.12±3.47) points) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ((4.91±1.88) d, (5.84±1.32) d, (5.72±1.24) d, (29.45±3.23) points; t=4.352, P<0.001; t=3.140, P=0.002; t=3.423, P<0.001;t=5.759,P<0.001). Conclusion: Rehabilitation breathing exercise guided by interesting videos can effectively shorten the relief time of clinical symptoms, promote pulmonary function recovery, reduce the anxiety level of children with bronchopneumonia and improve their compliance with nursing care. It provides an effective and feasible method for the clinical nursing of children with bronchopneumonia and has high clinical application value.

    Clinical Case Discussion
    An examination of the clinical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in a case of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, initially presenting with pulmonary infiltration, sternal bone destruction, and abscess formation
    Liu Zou, Wu Yuqing, Li Ping, Wang Kunpeng, Fang Fang, Li Zhiyong, Hu Hongling, Zhu Xiaoping, Lu Xiwei, Xiong Fang
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  255-261.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20260009
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    Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) accompanied by bone destruction and abscess formation is clinically rare and easily misdiagnosed as an infectious disease. This article reports a case of CHL in a young male patient presenting primarily with pulmonary infiltration, sternal destruction, and abscess formation, aiming to explore its clinical features and diagnostic approach to reduce misdiagnosis. The patient was a young male who initially presented with cough and chest pain. Imaging findings suggested left upper lung infiltration, sternal bone destruction, mediastinal mass, and possible left anterior chest wall abscess. Multiple etiological examinations failed to confirm an infectious origin, and both anti-infective therapy and diagnostic anti-tuberculosis treatment showed poor efficacy. The diagnosis was ultimately confirmed by pathological examination of a left supraclavicular lymph node biopsy as CHL (immunohistochemistry: CD30 positive, CD15 positive, PAX5 weakly positive). After standardized treatment, the lesions completely resolved. This case suggests that lymphoma should be considered in patients with bone destruction and abscess formation who present with suspected infection but lack etiological evidence and respond poorly to treatment.

    Review Articles
    Percutaneous microwave ablation of pulmonary nodules under CT guidance: study progress of safety, effectiveness and complication
    Gao Qian, Lu Nihong, Yang Yan
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  262-267.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250147
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    With the popularization of computed tomography (CT) screening, the detection rate of pulmonary nodules has significantly increased. At present, treatment for pulmonary nodules mainly relies on traditional surgical operation, for which although its effectiveness is definite, it goes with large trauma and slow recovery, thus some patients cannot tolerate it due to poor heart and lung functions. In recent years, CT-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA), as a minimally invasive treatment technique, has shown promising application prospects in the local treatment of pulmonary nodules. The authors aim to explore the technical principles, safety features, clinical effectiveness and complication management strategies of PMWA, and to present the challenges and future development directions faced by this technology, providing more comprehensive theoretical basis and practical guidance for clinical medical staff to provide comprehensive treatment of pulmonary nodules.

    Research progress on the prevention and control of modifiable risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the perspective of economic stratification
    Qin Ziling, Li Shengbin, Liu Lingli, Yang Yarui, Guo Xujun, He Juan, Liu Shengyuan
    Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2026, 7(2):  268-275.  doi:10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250200
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    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive inflammatory disorder characterized by persistent airflow limitation and is now the third leading cause of death globally. COPD imposes a escalating socioeconomic burden, poses a major challenge to global public health. Therefore, strengthening the prevention and control of COPD is of paramount importance. This review focuses on COPD modifiable risk factors, examines the heterogeneity of prevention and control strategies across economic strata with the aim of informing context-specific resource allocation in settings at different levels of economic development.

Bimonthly, Established in June 2020
ISSN 2096-8493
CN 10-1695/R

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    China Association for Scienceand Technology
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    Chinese Antituberculosis Association
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    GUO Meng(郭萌)
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