Abstract: Objective To analyze the treatment success of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients and to investigate factors that affect the success of treatment. Methods From January 2013 to December 2014, 524 multidrug resistant patients (at least simultaneously resistant to rifampin and isoniazid) in Xuzhou, Zhenjiang, Lianyungang and Nantong City of Jiangsu Province, were invited to join this retrospective study. In the end, 421 patients were included, excluding 3 pregnant women with MDR TB, 51 patients with severe gastrointestinal diseases or mental disorders and 28 patients who were unwilling to cooperate with the investigated. Research data was based primarily on the investigation of medical records with additional telephone interviews. Univariate analysis was performed by chi square test, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the factors that might affect the treatment success of MDR patients. Results Out of the 421 subjects included in this study, the successful rate of treatment was 52.7% (222/421). The complete treatment rate was 7.6% (32/421), and the cure rate was 45.1% (190/421). Treatment failure, loss and discontinue treatment cases accounted for 39.7% (167/421), 5.5% died due to tuberculosis (23/421), and 2.1% died due to non-tuberculosis (7/421). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, age（aRR=2.643，95%CI=1.409～4.959，P=0.002）（aRR is an adjusted RR value）, adverse reaction history（aRR=1.872，95%CI=1.041～3.365，P=0.036）, positive sputum smear before treatment（aRR=2.835，95% CI=1.476～5.446，P=0.002）, and retreatment patients（aRR=4.512，95%CI=1.283～15.872，P=0.019）are the factors negatively affecting the success of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. Conclusion Patients who are over 55 years old, with a history of adverse reactions, with a positive grade of sputum smear before treatment of ++～＋＋＋＋and retreatment patients have an obvious negative influence on the success of the treatment.