Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ›› 2025, Vol. 6 ›› Issue (3): 261-268.doi: 10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250053
• Evidence-baced Nursing • Previous Articles Next Articles
Zou Jingjing1, Cai Bin1, Shi Jixia1, Yang Li2, Zhang Lumin3()
Received:
2025-03-25
Online:
2025-06-20
Published:
2025-06-12
Contact:
Zhang Lumin,Email:gengyun0928@163.com
Supported by:
CLC Number:
Zou Jingjing, Cai Bin, Shi Jixia, Yang Li, Zhang Lumin. Summary of the best evidence for nutritional management in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J]. Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease , 2025, 6(3): 261-268. doi: 10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250053
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URL: https://www.jtbld.cn/EN/10.19983/j.issn.2096-8493.20250053
文献 | 来源 | 类型 | 主题 | 发表年份 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bellinil[ | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 晚期肺部疾病患者营养支持 | 2020 |
Spoladore等[ | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者临床营养建议 | 2024 |
Seresd[ | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 危重患者营养支持:肠内营养 | 2021 |
Seresd[ | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 危重患者营养支持:肠外营养 | 2021 |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议科学委员会[ | 慢性阻塞性肺疾病 全球倡议网站 | 指南 | 慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、管理及预防 | 2023 |
Justel Enríquez等[ | PubMed | 指南 | 慢性阻塞性肺疾病营养管理实践指南 | 2024 |
美国肠外和肠内营养学会[ | PubMed | 指南 | 成人危重患者营养支持指南 | 2022 |
Preiser等[ | PubMed | 指南 | 危重患者肠内营养支持 | 2021 |
孔德昭等[ | 中国知网 | 系统评价 | AECOPD诊疗指南评价与综合分析 | 2023 |
Williamson等[ | PubMed | 系统评价 | 补充维生素D对AECOPD患者的影响 | 2024 |
黄樱等[ | 中国知网 | 系统评价 | 谷氨酰胺补充营养治疗方案对AECOPD疗效的Meta分析 | 2022 |
吴艳梅等[ | 中华医学期刊 全文数据库 | 系统评价 | 低糖高脂饮食对慢阻肺病患者肺功能的影响 | 2021 |
亓玉心等[ | 中国知网 | RCT | 低碳水化合物营养支持对AECOPD患者血气分析、呼吸功能及炎性因子的影响 | 2019 |
翁江萍等[ | 中华医学期刊 全文数据库 | RCT | 精细化健康教育对AECOPD并发呼吸衰竭患者的影响 | 2023 |
慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重诊治专家组[ | 中华医学期刊 全文数据库 | 专家共识 | AECOPD诊治中国专家共识 | 2023 |
中国医师协会呼吸医师分会危重症专业委员会等[ | 中华医学期刊 全文数据库 | 专家共识 | 呼吸危重症患者营养支持 | 2020 |
类别 | 内容 | 证据 分级 | 推荐 级别 |
---|---|---|---|
多学科体系建设 | 团队构成:组建呼吸科医生、护理团队、营养师、康复治疗师等多学科团队,提供标准化营养评估与诊断,制定个体化营养干预方案,结合康复与长期随访管理,改善临床结局[ | 1a | B |
能力建设:团队成员需接受营养筛查、动态评估及并发症管理等系统化教育和培训[ | 3e | A | |
营养风险筛查和评估 | 筛查工具:《营养风险筛查2002》进行营养风险筛查[ | 1b | A |
评估内容:疾病严重程度、进食情况、实验室检查指标(炎症指标、血清生物标志物、心血管标志物、肺功能等)、体质量指数、并发症、胃肠道功能及误吸风险等[ | 5b | B | |
营养需求计算 | 动态监测:每周评估营养状态,及时评估病情变化[ | 5b | A |
能量需求:使用间接测热法确定能量需求,无法测量时按25~30kcal·kg-1·d-1计算[ | 3b | B | |
蛋白质需求:按1.2~2.0g·kg-1·d-1估算需求量[ | 3b | B | |
合理补充维生素(如维生素C、D)、氨基酸(如谷氨酰胺)等[ | 5c | B | |
营养干预策略1:肠内营养 | 评估:实施肠内营养前使用急性胃肠损伤分级系统评估胃肠道功能[ | 1a | A |
时机:血流动力学稳定者24~48h内启动肠内营养;不稳定者待血流动力学稳定后尽早启动肠内营养[ | 1a | A | |
配方:首选标准整蛋白配方;胃肠不耐受者选短肽类或氨基酸类配方;应激性高血糖者用糖尿病专用配方[ | 2a | A | |
途径:首选经口进食,摄食未达60%目标喂养量时予口服营养补充剂;不能经口进食者,喂养时间<1个月建议留置鼻胃管,若反流或误吸等不耐受可留置鼻肠管,若长期,可用胃或空肠造瘘[ | 1a | B | |
方式:推荐使用营养输注泵持续泵入[ | 1a | A | |
遵循“六度”原则:无体位禁忌,床头抬高30°~45°;营养液温度37~40℃;输注起始速度20~25ml/h;喂养从低浓度开始;营养液配置保证清洁度;喂养过程中及结束后评估舒适度[ | 1a | A | |
监测:常规监测血糖,血糖保持在7.8~10.0mmol/L[ | 1a | A | |
营养干预策略2:肠外营养 | 时机:若口服和肠内营养禁忌情况下,在3~7d内实施;高营养风险者48h内启用全肠外营养;肠内肠外营养联合时能够达到热量和蛋白质目标需求量,可逐渐减少直至停用[ | 3a | B |
配方:首选预混肠外营养制剂,对于高电解质或高营养需求者按需配备复合肠外营养制剂[ | 3b | B | |
途径:渗透压>900mOsm/L制剂选择中心静脉导管输注,优先采取外周静脉置入中心静脉导管;低渗透压(≤900mOsm/L)短期可用外周静脉通路[ | 3b | B | |
方式:推荐静脉输液泵控制速度,速度≤200ml/h[ | 3b | B | |
监测:监测液体出入量及某些实验室指标,如血清电解质、葡萄糖、钙等[ | 3b | A | |
并发症管理 | 一旦发生误吸,立即暂停喂养,查找造成误吸原因;鼓励患者咳嗽,取半卧位,昏迷者头偏一侧;若出现气道梗阻或窒息,应立即给予负压吸引,积极抢救[ | 1a | A |
采用最大无菌屏障用于中心静脉置管;使用维护时,注意手卫生和无菌操作;72h内拔除非必要导管[ | 1a | A | |
延续管理 | 健康教育:对患者及家属实施精细化健康教育,包括营养知识、肺康复训练、个性化心理支持等[ | 5c | B |
随访监测:出院后2周内通过多学科团队进行远程随访,重点监测体质量、呼吸困难指数、再入院率[ | 5b | B |
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